Effect of Colonialism on Gender Equality Relating to the...

When it comes to delegating responsibility, allocating power, and demanding equality, there always seems to be an underlying bias towards the masculine sector of society, which allows an imbalance regarding gender equality. Understanding where this way of thinking comes from is an essential part of trying to shift and completely erase the bias. Throughout history, a patriarchal pattern and way of thinking has been passed down from generation to generation; what we fail to see is the reason for this pattern and the ways in which we can remedy the situation. A great example of this issue is displayed in the novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, by Junot Dà ­az. The female characters of Junot Diaz’s novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, feminism to traditional La Inca was never even a thought. La Inca is part of the female group that accepts the oppression and her given expected role in society. Instead of fighting against it she lives her entire life trying to maintain and protect her assigned role â€Å"La Inca, you see, was a serious woman, an upstanding woman, one of the best in her class.† (Dà ­az 102) She fought hard to keep the status of her family up high, she is the result of a woman from a colonized country. She knows nothing more than what she is given and refuses and is scared to venture. La Inca is the traditional dominican mom, her only wish was for her daughter, Beli to succeed and achieve what she could not. But like many traditional mothers she wanted her daughter to stay rooted in her culture, just the mere thoughts of Beli going to the â€Å"extranjero† brought her anger â€Å" The U.S. was nothing more and nothing less than a pais overrun by gangsters, putas, and no-accounts.† (Dà ­az 158) La Inca lives by what society has taught her to be, to do things for the well being of the men in society, to take care of the home but more importantly to stay at the bot tom of the chain and not even think about fighting it. The fight

Chrysalis Module 4 25 - 2607 Words

Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to psychoanalytic one. The term ‘therapy’ literary means, â€Å"curing, healing† and is defined as a treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder. Historically, there has been considerable development in the range and types of therapy that can be used to help a client overcome their problems in a modern world. Some of these theories are very different whilst others share some similarities. Edward Thorndike proposed the ‘Law of Effect’ whereby behavioural responses which were closely followed by pleasant consequences, would ensure that†¦show more content†¦According to behaviourism, behaviour can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental processes. As human beings we are driven to understand who we are and how the facets of our own personality make us unique individuals. Behaviourists believed that we are born with a handful of innate responses known as stimulus response and that all of our complex behaviours are through learning by interaction with the environment As one of the oldest theories of personality, behaviourism dates back to Descartes, who introduced the idea of a stimulus and called the person a machine dependent on external events whose soul was the ghost in the machine. Although most theories operate to some degree on the assumption that humans have some sort of free will and are moral thinking entities, behaviourism does not accept that maladaptive characteristics are inherent in a person’s nature. â€Å"In the mind of the behaviourist, persons are nothing more than simple mediators between behaviour and the environment† (Skinner, 1993, p 428). There are two major types of conditioning: 1. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioural training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurringShow MoreRelatedCourse Notes1999 Words   |  8 Pages Mr A presented with relationship problems. He feels he would really like to work on this issue now because all of his friends are now in committed relationships and feels as though he is the odd one out. During the initial consultation Mr A, aged 25 disclosed that he has few girlfriends and was lacking in confidence. He works part-time in a bakery/restaurant as a shop assistant. He has been working at the bakery for the last seven years since he left school and says even though he has workedRead MoreDescribe and evaluate 2 approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviours.2378 Words à ‚  |  10 Pagesthreatening. They would not recognise their actions as being so as they see their response to the stress as normal and appropriate this can be described as a destructive coping strategy which in turn when repeated becomes a self-defeating behaviour (Module 5 p5). This is a subconscious response, a learned behaviour. The definition above suggests a conscious decision to deliberately sabotage the self, as on onlooker we would probably agree with that statement but the individual will see their actionRead Moreâ€Å"Using the case study at the end of the module assess the clients issues and describe your treatment plan. What ethical issues might arise?1956 Words   |  8 Pagesmore likely to develop several types of cancer. The difference between being overweight and obese lies in a persons Body Mass Index. The body mass index (BMI) is your weight in kilograms divided by your height in metres squared. if your BMI is between 25 and 29, you would be considered overweight if your BMI is between 30 and 40, you would be considered obese if your BMI is over 40, you would be considered very obese (known as ‘morbidly obese’). A lot of people insist they need to loose weight, whether

American History 1946-1976 Free Essays

string(73) " a better future in the cities of America \(Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p\." The United States is a nation of immigrants. The resident population of the country comprises people who came from abroad or are descendents from overseas. Black were said to be some of the earlier migrants but they were considered to be slaves prior to the Emancipation Proclamation. We will write a custom essay sample on American History 1946-1976 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The transformation of the American society is not possible without the outburst of population influx. The industrial revolution made it possible for transportation and communication, resulting in a massive economic transformation for America. In the early part of American history, immigration rules had been lax. It was not until 1819 when the first immigration statistics had been collected when the topic of immigration was laid on the table for lawmakers (McClenaghan, 1988, p. 170). Given the abundance of fertile land in the country which necessitated workers, immigration was deemed on a positive note. However, the end of the Civil War saw closing of the land frontier. There was no shortage of manpower and the sudden boom of population and spirit of nationalism had started to take its toll among immigrants. The end of Civil War was witnessed by European immigrants who had already settled in the county starting 1820. The Irish, for instance, had left Ireland due to the severe British regimen ruling in their country (May, 1989, p. 479). Likewise, the European War saw many Italians, Greeks, Polish, Germans and other non-English speaking people coming to America. In Unit I, which covers the 1865- 1876, life for American immigrants mirrored the agony of reconstruction the country was facing at that time. As the country was struggling with picking the pieces of an embattled nation, immigrants continued to flock America. Some southern and northern states had put up bureaus to draw immigrants. The Contract Labor Law of 1864 stated that the federal government would assist an immigrant in his journey by a â€Å"lien on his or her wages† (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 938). The law was revoked in 1868. Majority of non-English speaking immigrants toiled as laborers, porters, peddlers, while those who spoke English were able to find higher paying jobs. By 1870, the country had around 39 million people, 3 million of whom were immigrants or those born abroad and settled in America (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 549). There were also immigrants from Asia. In the early 1850s, Chinese immigrants went to California to work in gold mines (Brinkley, 2003, p. 446). By 1865, more than 12,000 Chinese had found work in building the transcontinental railroad. The Central Pacific which was then responsible for building the western part of the road had 90% of Chinese in its labor force. One social issue they faced was discrimination. While it was true that corporations preferred hiring Chinese because of their tenacity and commitment to work, many Americans resented this. More jobs were being given to Chinese because they were also willing to work for fewer wages, something which did not sit well with Americans. As one editor of the New York Nation said, the Chinese were responsible for creating a â€Å"disgusting habits of thrift, industry and self-denial† (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 947). With the country tiding in on Reconstruction, the economy was not in a good shape and Americans blamed the Chinese and other immigrants (May, 1989, p. 481). Discrimination in California, where most Chinese immigrants had taken residence, started to brew. The Workingmen’s Party, for instance, was intense in goading the government to pass laws to victimize Chinese. The Sidewalk Ordinance which banned people carrying their merchandise on a pole to walk on the sidewalk (p. 481). At that time only Chinese carried their goods this way. The discrimination was this obvious: the anti-Chinese sentiment was growing. The Panic of 1873 fueled this tension and the Congress soon acted with an exclusion act in 1879, which ban the import of Chinese workers (Bragdon, McCutchen, and Ritchie, 1996, p. 532). In response to the issue, the Chinese did nothing, continuing to work, toiling in vast drainage and irrigation projects (Brinkley, 2003, p 446). It was initially rejected by President Hayes citing the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, which made China a â€Å"most-favored nation† when it comes to travel and immigration (O’Neill, 2002, p. 240; Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 947). However, as constructions of railroads were finished, demand for laborers waned and in 1882, President Arthur approved a ten-year suspension called the Chinese Exclusion Act. In 1902, the act suspended indefinitely. The outcome was limitation in the number of Chinese immigrants coming in to the country but their number had already increased due to marriage and birth within their community. The tide of American immigrants continued from 1877- 1920. In fact, it was during this period where around 14 million Europeans made America their residence (May, 1989, p. 482). It used to be that immigrants came prior to 1890 came from northern and western Europe. However, the year 1885 saw a tremendous increase of immigrants coming from southern and Eastern Europe (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 529). Furthermore, America welcomed immigrants from Canada, Mexico, Latin America and Japan (Brinkley, 2003, p. 502). Chinese immigrants, despite the Chinese Exclusion Act, along with the Japanese continued to flock America (p. 502). In 1880, there were around 75,000 Chinese in California, 1/9th of the state’s population (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 946). In 1870, the number of Japanese immigrants were roughly about 56; however by 1900-1909, the figures increased significantly to an estimate 7000 (p. 481). By 1890, four out of five people living in New York was born abroad; the state also become home to more Irish than the Irish people living in Ireland (p. 937). The appeal of America was probably due to the hardship their respective countries were experienced. The surge in immigration was responsible for the growth of the country, especially its urban growth as most immigrants were lured by the city, where the realization of the American dream had already begun. Europeans crossed the Atlantic in hopes of a better future in the cities of America (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. You read "American History 1946-1976" in category "Papers" 504). As the new immigrants began to settle in the cities, they started to live in homogenous neighborhoods. Thus, there existed a Little Italy and a Jewish Lower East Side on the side of New York and Chinatown. These small enclaves allowed the immigrants to retain their sense of community. In 1920, Chicago had around 1 7 Little Italy colonies spread out in the city (p. 943). Ellis Island in New York became the port of immigrants. This reception center situated in an island off the New Jersey coast became the first soil that immigrants stepped on upon entering the United States (pp. 940). The ethnic neighborhood facilitated for what could have been an easier assimilation for these immigrants. They recreated their own churches, synagogues, and even printed their own newspapers (p. 531). However, the influx immigration created not only social problems but economic and as well. Immigrants had a hard time finding decent jobs, often toiling in sweatshops, factories and mines. The atmosphere of nativism, where native-born should be favored instead of immigrants in just about anything, was developing. Native-born Americans started growing prejudice against them, threatened their entry in the country. The differences not only in language, dress and customs made Americans fear for this looming social changes. Immigrants were easily the subject of hostility. Literary problems also started to arise, especially for those non-English speaking immigrants. The Japanese, for instance, started learning the American way of living, learning English and sending their children to public schools (May, 1989, p. 481). However, this did not sit well with Americans. In 1906, the San Francisco school board issued an order to separate Japanese children from the other students. When the Japanese government protested, President Roosevelt intervened. An agreement in 1908 centered on an agreement limiting the number of Japanese immigrants to the country (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 506). California, which in earlier years, resented the presence of Chinese immigrants, passed an Alien Land Law, which banned Japanese from possessing agriculture land (p. 506). As labor unions began to form around the country, immigrants were still not accepted. For one, they received fewer wage. For a dollar that an American-born laborer received, Italians received 84 cents, Hungarians 68 cents and others 54 cents (Katz, 1993, p. 73). Furthermore, Americans organized themselves to counter the growing number of immigrants. They formed group such as the American Protective Association, which was against Catholic immigrants. The largest labor union, the AFL or American Federation of Labor excluded immigrants. As America continued to plunge into urban growth, political corruption became prevalent. Americans blamed corruption as the cause of the growing immigration. In response to this, immigrants chose to remain loyal to their employees. As civic reformers talked of cleaning up the government and expressing their contempt on immigrants, the bosses showed appreciation to their employees by helping them process their naturalization proceedings and helping them when they got into trouble (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 507). With regards to the labor union, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWWW) was formed in 1905 to include all workers regardless of race, skill and gender (Katz, 1993, p. 73). The outcome of this was that immigrants had started to stand up for what they believed in. racial segregation still existed but the process of keeping their identities intact had begun. An example was the creation of French-language parochial schools in New England. Put up by French Canadians, the schools had grown to 179 elementary and 28 high schools in America (Katz, 1993, p. 15). It was a clear sign that immigrants were determined to stay in the country. Child labor laws prohibited immigrant children to work, forced them instead to go to schools. With the compulsory education laws, children of immigrants became indoctrinated with the American values and English values (p. 642). Majority of these children were responsible of passing their learning to their non-English speaking parents. The years 1921-1945 saw a decrease in the number of immigrants. Following the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, the list of requirements and restriction on immigrants had tightened. For instance, immoral persons and anarchists were banned to enter US in 1903, illiterates in 1917 (McClenaghan, 1988, p. 170). By 1920, roughly 20 various immigrant groups were not able to step in the country (p. 170). The lives of American immigrants became harder, especially with the mounting antiforeign and anti-Black sentiment around the country. This period ushered in the Progressive spirit, which focused on every aspect of American life, including those of immigrants. This time saw reforms in what Progressives deemed as the evils of the American system. Discrimination and prejudice still reigned in the country, despite the fact that American immigrants have been in the country for years One political problem they faced was religious problems. As World War I erupted, many Europeans fled their countries and sought refuge in America. The â€Å"new immigrants,† as they were known, were mostly Jewish or Roman Catholics (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 630). American Protestants feared that their religious values would shadow the presence of Catholics. Some employees also declined Irish applicants, to the extent of posting an â€Å"Irish need not apply† signs (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 483). The Catholic Church was then dominated by the Irish, thus became the subject of religious persecution. Additionally, various religious discrepancies among immigrants themselves caused more misunderstanding. To cite, Russian and Polish Jews had different traditions from Sephardic and German Jews (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 945). In response to this issue, the immigrants continued to go about their own ways. They formed groups, recreated their own churches and synagogues. The outcome of doing this was it strengthened the unity among immigrant groups. They became more close-knit, living in homogenous areas of the city. It was also during this period when immigrants faced greater social and political problems. Agitation towards immigrant became full-blown. Xenophobia or the fear of strangers became the growing sentiment in the country. The â€Å"new immigrants† made Americans alarmed over â€Å"race suicide† (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 63). For instance, Kenneth Roberts wrote in the popular Saturday Evening Post that Polish Jews should be avoided for they were â€Å"human parasites† and that immigrants of Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean and Semitic ethnicity were not only â€Å"worthless and futile† but â€Å"good-for-nothing mongrels of Central America and Southeastern Europe† (p. 630). Another problem which immigrants faced which further planted the seeds of the sedition was the celebrated case involving two Italian anarchists named Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. An anarchist is someone who does not believe in any form of government. The two were arrested for a payroll robbery and murder in Massachusetts (p. 629). They were sentenced to death although evidence against them was inconclusive. They were electrocuted in 1927, amidst a series of worldwide remonstration (p. 629). Some people believed that they were innocent and the reason that they convicted was because of their political beliefs. Moreover, it was during this year when Red Scare pervaded the United States. A few years ago, communists, called Reds, took control of the Russian government. The communists believed that the government should take control of everything, like farms and factories. This train of thought contrasts with the American system of free enterprise (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 692). Americans soon began fearing that communists living in the US would do embark on this. It did not help that during this time, labor unrest was notorious, stimulating more trepidation on Americans. To assuage their fears, some Americans revived the Ku Klux Klan, which was exclusive for â€Å"native-born, white, gentile Americans† (p. 693). The organization, started during the Reconstruction heyday, attacked not only black people but immigrants, Jews, and American Indians (p. 693). In the mid 1920s, the group boasted of around five million members (p. 694). The revival of the Ku Klux Klan, the Red Scare and the conviction of the Italian immigrants made Congress pass the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 which restricted immigration to the country (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 717). Immigration was limited to 3 percent of the nationality already in the US (p. 717). The act became a permanent policy three years later and in 1927 a total of 150,000 immigrants were to be admitted per year, divided based on the 1920 census (p. 717). Japanese immigrants were completely excluded with the passing of the Japanese Exclusion Act in 1924. In response to the overwhelming problems that beset the immigrants, the immigrants had no choice but to comply with the laws. In some cases, like with the Japanese, the exclusion greatly damaged diplomatic relationship between the two countries. At the height of the war, Japanese-Americans were forced to move to â€Å"relocation camps† (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 738). Japanese-Americans who lived on the West Coast were accused of helping the Japanese sabotage the country (p. 738). For some immigrants, the restriction and growing anti-immigrant sentiment thrown at them were not enough to make them waver and give in. They remained steadfast and continued living in proximity, becoming stable in the process. They formed groups such as the La Orden de Hijos de America, which comprised white Chicano workers fighting for their U. S. citizenships (Katz, 1993, p. 15). Despite the discrimination and maltreatment, many Japanese- Americans volunteered during the War. It paid off. In 1988, the Senate issued a public apology and provided a tax-free payment of $20,000 to surviving Japanese-Americans (p. 738). Following World War II, Unit IV, covering the years 1946-1976, life for immigrants was much better. Despite the inequalities in America, many people chose to live in the country, some sought political asylum and freedom from oppression. Others simply wanted to have a better future in the US. In the 60s, where call for civil rights where at the forefront, many Americans demanded for immigration reforms. In July 1963, President Kennedy recommended to scrap the national origins quota system (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p . 882). The Immigration Act of 1965 restricted the number of immigrants to 170,000 per year per country and phased the national origins quota altogether (Brinkley, 2003, p. 835). In the 70s, immigrations increased to 433, 600 a year (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 892). The 60s saw a surge in Mexicans migrating to the country. One literary problem they faced was language barrier. Some Latinos who established their presence in America could not speak nor understand English. This proved to be a big barrier in applying for jobs and immersing in the American life. Several employers took advantage of this and exploited Mexican workers. In response to this, several Mexican Americans founded labor organizations to help them get jobs and receive due benefits. In doing so, they strengthened their ethnicity. With regards to their language, in 1974, the United States Supreme Court approved the right of non-English speaking students to seek education in their own language. Thus, the idea of bilingualism was injected into American culture. After the Vietnam War, several Asians took refuge in America. The door of immigration opened again for the country. In the 80s, legal immigration in the US was estimated at 7 million people (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 1653). It was also the first time that majority of these immigrants did not come from Europe (p. 1653). The new wave of immigrants, mostly from Asia and Latin America, reopened the old wound of ethnic conflict. One social problem these new immigrants faced were still discrimination. In 1994, California passed Proposition 187, which banned illegal aliens to have access to school, medical care and other social services (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 1019). This created friction between the legal immigrants and the illegal ones. Some preached that this is completely bigotry. Adding more salt to the wound was the 1998 approval of ending bilingual education in California. In response to this problem, immigrants worked to enter the country legally. Although there are aliens flooding the country from time to time, Immigration Services has employed a stricter guideline. Several ethnic groups have also asserted themselves. The entry of ethnic studies program in school and universities is one way of embracing cultural differences between Americans and differences. This is one outcome that immigrants had wanted to achieve from the first time they stepped foot in the country. The presence of immigrants in the United States has earned the country the moniker of being a melting pot. The country is a multi-cultural society with each group respecting the other. Mayor Share James of Newark, New Jersey, noted that America’s diversity is its strength (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 1020). This makes sense. Since the discovery of America, it has always been varied. Different cultures and ethnic background make it unique, in the same vein that the differences provide a sense of heritage. It makes America culture colorful. It is sad for a fact that it took people years to understand this and that the forefathers of immigrants had to endure torture and humiliation but the appointment of the first Black American president in the country is probably a sign that yes, the country is ready for change. References Bragdon, H. , McCutchen, S. and Ritchie, D. (1996). History of a free nation. Ohio: Glencoe/ McGraw-Hill. Brinkley, A. (2003). American history a survey USA: McGraw-Hill. Divine, R. , Breen, T. H. , Fredrickson, G. , Williams, R. H. (1991). America the people and the dream. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. Jordan, W. and Litwack, L. (1991). The United States 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Katz, W. (1993). A history of multicultural America. USA: Sleek- Vaugh Company. May, E. (1989). A proud nation. Illinois: McDougal, Littell and Company. McClenaghan,W. (1988). Magruder’s American government Massachusetts: Prentice Hall. O’Neill, W. (2002). United States. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 29 USA: Britannica Inc. Tindall, G. B. , and Shi, D. (1999). America a narrative history. USA: W. W. Norton and Company. How to cite American History 1946-1976, Papers

Challenges and Opportunities Faced by BP-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Opportunities and Challenges Confronting Manager's Operating in the Global Environment. Answer: Introduction Firstly, this essay will critically discuss the opportunities and challenges confronting manager's operating in the global environment, as external factors impact the organizations when they globally operate. Management seeks special skills and knowledge to enable them to operate in the host country with regard to culture constrains. Global challenges may relate to one or group of factors represented in acquiring resources, culture, population, technology, environment, regulations and many other factors. Natural resources are limited, the ecological system is unbalanced, climate is changing, there is an increased rate of pollution and advancement in technology (Virakul, 2015). Leadership is considered a dominant factor in global operations to manage the cross culture operations. Leaders in global missions should enjoy special traits as transformation, trust, communication and empathy with employees from different cultures (Aarseth, Rolstads, Andersen, 2013). Secondly, this essay also discusses the global challenges and opportunities that face Bp in its global operations. The global direction towards low carbon is considered a challenging factor to Bp, although, the company enjoys technological capabilities that enable it from exploring the future of the oil and gas industry. Also, it develops the capabilities of its employees in partnership with academic entities through extensive training programs to be able to compete in the global market (O'Regan Ghobadian, 2010). The PESTLE analysis of the global environment of Bp is critically discussed to shed the light on the most dominating factor of its business. Finally, this essay, declares the challenges and opportunities that faces Bp in its operations in the Australian market and its new initiative of the BPMe app to the consumers in the retail market and its usefulness. First: International challenges and possible opportunities that face managers in a global environment Challenges confronting managers operating across the border The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the challenges confronting managers operating across the border. As business is highly influenced by globalization and there is a growing number of organizations is operating in the international market, concerning the key competencies of international management and staff and the cross culture challenges. Accordingly, managers and employees of multinational organizations are exposed to cross-cultural and global decisions on a daily basis. One of the challenges for organizations which operate globally, is the readiness of managers and their effectiveness to take global strategic decisions that match the international diversity and complex business environment. Many organizations enhance their managers' capabilities through training. Management in globally operating organizations need certain competencies to succeed in solving problems and handling conflicts. Global management competencies, are also mentioned as global leadershi p competencies which are discussed heavily in the literature. Leadership competencies include, skills, personality and other personality traits (Bcker Poutsma, 2010). Cross-cultural competencies and diversity management are not completely analyzes as there is no agreement among researchers about the factors shaping cross- cultural competencies. Although Johnson et al. (2006) as cited in Bcker Poutsma (2010), argue that the cross culture competencies refer to the effectiveness of individuals' skills, personal traits and knowledge in doing business within different cultures. Johnson, also defines the cognitive, behavioral and effective components as the main components of the cross-cultural competencies. He argues that researchers did not differentiate between the knowing and the doing gap. The aim of this paragraph is to critically discuss the global challenges that managers may face when they operate in a different world country. These challenges could be represented in the driving factor of globalization to business and the growing number of organizations operating in the international market, the need for highly qualified management, to effectively lead people in multiple countries and employ workers with different culture backgrounds. Regarding the various cultures challenge, the multinational organizations aim to succeed in its business and achieve operational excellence. Organizations should select the best talents to adapt to the requirements of the global business. Some of the multinational organizations tend to use the common scheme of retaining and rewarding managers in the same way they act with local managers. Many managers are nationally oriented as a sort of standardization. This requires applying talent management and developing skills across borders. Although, many evidences that managers act in a national oriented manner and focus more on employees with similar nationalities. It is essential to engage all of the employees from diverse multicultural. Leaders should be sure that their leadership style is matching the multicultural workplace. There is a challenge represented in the quality of the offered training programs to the global employees. Accordingly, HRM has to regularly check the quality of the offered training to the global employees to develop their skills according to the required qualifications of the new job tasks (Cerimagic Smith, 2011). The mobility of the global talent of senior executives, as most of multinational orga nizations like to select high performance management of global operations to lead their global operations in other world countries. It is considered a good career opportunity for leaders operating beyond country borders, although, leaders face many complexities as tax and compensation. Expatriate career development may be neglected by the home country (Woollard, 2010). In conclusion, it is important to train the global talent on how to manage activities in the global environment and act within the best fit leadership style that matches the host country business environment. Opportunities that face managers operating across the border The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the opportunities that face managers operating across the border. Global business organizations deal with the world as if it is a single market and seeks opportunities that exist outside the border of the home country. The global business opportunities include the culture and processes of the business environment (Sealy, et. al., 2010) Preparation training gives the opportunity to employees to gain knowledge through training programs relevant to the new community, dynamic and related to the latest events in the host country. Through the appropriate training, employees would be able to feel familiarity with the new community (Cerimagic Smith, 2011). Characteristics of the global business organizations could be stated according to Sealy, et. al (2010), as follows: The development of a management system is irrelevant to the home country as it develops its new management system. Redesign of the organizational culture and structure to match the global business environment as the matrix organization. Big organizations are able to develop their capacity much more than small sized organizations. Global business operations enable the organizations to discuss different cultural issues to find proper solutions to business problems. Face to face discussions facilitate the exchange of thoughts and enriches discussions within open environments (Prager Such,, 2010). In conclusion, operating in a host country enables a culture sharing and enriches the opportunity of exploiting and exchanging business ideas which enable the management to take proper decisions with regard to the host country culture. Second: The PESTEL analysis of BP This paragraph critically analyses the external environment of Bp by using the PESTLE analysis, according to Harrell (2016), the factors of PESTLE analysis are as follows: Political: This paragraph will discuss the political factor, which has big influence on the prices of oil. Bp faced the problem of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, which put Bp in disastrous situation. Bp was accused to lack the required expertise, although other opinion accused refers the reason to lower investments in the project. Economic: This paragraph will discuss the economic factors affecting Bp, as the Iraqi oil is dominated by the US, both of India and China high oil demand pushed up the oil prices. Bp has to overcome its disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, and invest more in the production of oil and gas with regard to the inflation rates and the exchange rates. The crisis of the oil spill is analyzed by experts as a failure of Bp to utilize the updated information (Brunton, 2015). This crisis obligated Bp to establish a safety fund of 20 Bn. $ as a compensation for the claims of damaging the Gulf water and the natural resources (Lin?Hi Blumberg, 2011). Bp stock price remained constant for 10 years among the highest FTSE 100, which resulted in a weak demand for investing in the company assets (O'Regan Ghobadian, 2010). Bp has optimistic predictions for oil demand during the period 2011-2030, as a result of increase in the real income within the same period. The energy security acts as a challenging factor to Bp, as about 60% of reserves of natural gas are located in 4 countries and about 80% of oil reserves are located in 9 countries. It is highly important to secure its supply of oil and natural gas (British petroueum, 2012). Bp also faces the challenge of lowering the carbon emissions, which represent uncertainty in the economic conditions (British petroleum, 2016b). Social: This paragraph will discuss the social factor affecting Bp global operations, as the marketing strategy of Bp is highly affected by increases in the oil and gas prices. The income distribution affects people's demand for oil as the middle class can buy cars when their income rise. Social improvements increase the people's demand for oil. Technological: This paragraph will discuss the technological factor affecting Bp global operations, as the demand for clean and renewable energy is globally increasing. Large investments are required by Bp to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Environmental: This paragraph will discuss the environmental factor affecting Bp global operations, as the climate change affects the oil industry. Bp should invest more to maintain the infrastructure and to keep away from anticipated damages in the pipelines and wells. Bp promotes for using the nuclear power as a solution for cutting the greenhouse emissions. Legal: This paragraph will discuss the legal factor affecting Bp global operations, as governmental regulations towards taxation and duties on fuel affect the oil price. Also, regulations related to enforcing citizens to use bio-fuels and road pricing are examples of laws that affect the Bp operations negatively. In conclusion, Bp faces major challenges in its global operations, the unforgivable fault of the Gulf oil spill and the changing demands and legal conversion towards the natural resources of energy are complex problems that Bp has to face the challenges through increasing its investments and doing extensive research on RD to adapt to the new industrial changing environment. Possible challenges and opportunities that face managers of Bp in Australia The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the challenges and opportunities that face Bp in Australia. The global energy factors are changing. As the mix of energy is changing due to advancement in technology and environmental aspects. The oil industry needs to adapt to these changes. Bp will continue to adjust its strategy to adapt to the new industry requirements. Bp argue that the global oil demand is still growing and the provision of oil is big. The global supply of liquefied natural gas has grown led by the US to 19 Bcf/d, and in the second place comes Australia with growth equal to 13 Bcf/d which creates an opportunity to Bp in Australia. The Australian liquefied natural gas is mainly produced to be exported to Asian markets (British petroleum, 2017). Bp seeks excellence in its operations and processes, accordingly it intends to make joint venture in Australia in order to increase its competitiveness and assist in the growth of the Australian production of oil (British petroleum, 2015). Bp has many successful operations in Australia including, Bp marine, Air and shipping. Bp Air is concerned with private and corporate aviation, besides of the defense force of Australia. Bp marine supplies marine fuel on the Australian coasts. Bp shipping transports the oil around the coastline of Australia. BP pays taxes to the Australian government represented in income taxes, employment taxes and stamps. Another challenge is represented in facing the changing behavior of Australian consumers. The consumer behavior has changed to seeking more value of their money (Petroeum, 2016b). Culture change This paragraph discusses the cultural effect of Bp on the consumer behavior, as Bp has created a new system in order to affect the consumer culture of fuel services, Bp has introduced the smartphone payment technology to the Australian retail sector. The BPMe app provides services to the customer, including paying for their fuel, locating their closest BP service and storing their receipts electronically (British Petroleum, 2016c). This initiative was highly appreciated by customers who changes their behavior and used the BPMe app to facilitate the process of getting their needs of fuel. Conclusion This essay has critically analyzed the international challenges and opportunities that face managers in global environments. One of the challenges for organizations which operate globally, is the readiness of managers to take global strategic decisions that match the international diversity and complex business environment. Despite of the importance of leadership in global operations, cross-cultural competencies and diversity management are not completely analyzes ass there is no agreement among researchers about the factors shaping cross-cultural competencies. Bp faces major challenges in its global operations, according to the PESTLE analysis. Bp has to face the challenges through increasing its investments. Bp seeks excellence in its operations and processes, that why it has meant to make joint venture in Australia in order to increase its competitiveness. Also, it diversifies its operations in Australia as it operates in aviation, shipping and marine. Taxation is considered a challenge to the Bp operation in Australia, as it pays different kinds of direct and indirect taxes. Also changing the consumer behavior through the BPMe app is considered a kind of culture sharing with the Australian customer. References Aarseth, W., Rolstads, A., Andersen, B. (2013). 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