Effect of Colonialism on Gender Equality Relating to the...

When it comes to delegating responsibility, allocating power, and demanding equality, there always seems to be an underlying bias towards the masculine sector of society, which allows an imbalance regarding gender equality. Understanding where this way of thinking comes from is an essential part of trying to shift and completely erase the bias. Throughout history, a patriarchal pattern and way of thinking has been passed down from generation to generation; what we fail to see is the reason for this pattern and the ways in which we can remedy the situation. A great example of this issue is displayed in the novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, by Junot Dà ­az. The female characters of Junot Diaz’s novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, feminism to traditional La Inca was never even a thought. La Inca is part of the female group that accepts the oppression and her given expected role in society. Instead of fighting against it she lives her entire life trying to maintain and protect her assigned role â€Å"La Inca, you see, was a serious woman, an upstanding woman, one of the best in her class.† (Dà ­az 102) She fought hard to keep the status of her family up high, she is the result of a woman from a colonized country. She knows nothing more than what she is given and refuses and is scared to venture. La Inca is the traditional dominican mom, her only wish was for her daughter, Beli to succeed and achieve what she could not. But like many traditional mothers she wanted her daughter to stay rooted in her culture, just the mere thoughts of Beli going to the â€Å"extranjero† brought her anger â€Å" The U.S. was nothing more and nothing less than a pais overrun by gangsters, putas, and no-accounts.† (Dà ­az 158) La Inca lives by what society has taught her to be, to do things for the well being of the men in society, to take care of the home but more importantly to stay at the bot tom of the chain and not even think about fighting it. The fight

Chrysalis Module 4 25 - 2607 Words

Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to psychoanalytic one. The term ‘therapy’ literary means, â€Å"curing, healing† and is defined as a treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder. Historically, there has been considerable development in the range and types of therapy that can be used to help a client overcome their problems in a modern world. Some of these theories are very different whilst others share some similarities. Edward Thorndike proposed the ‘Law of Effect’ whereby behavioural responses which were closely followed by pleasant consequences, would ensure that†¦show more content†¦According to behaviourism, behaviour can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental processes. As human beings we are driven to understand who we are and how the facets of our own personality make us unique individuals. Behaviourists believed that we are born with a handful of innate responses known as stimulus response and that all of our complex behaviours are through learning by interaction with the environment As one of the oldest theories of personality, behaviourism dates back to Descartes, who introduced the idea of a stimulus and called the person a machine dependent on external events whose soul was the ghost in the machine. Although most theories operate to some degree on the assumption that humans have some sort of free will and are moral thinking entities, behaviourism does not accept that maladaptive characteristics are inherent in a person’s nature. â€Å"In the mind of the behaviourist, persons are nothing more than simple mediators between behaviour and the environment† (Skinner, 1993, p 428). There are two major types of conditioning: 1. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioural training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurringShow MoreRelatedCourse Notes1999 Words   |  8 Pages Mr A presented with relationship problems. He feels he would really like to work on this issue now because all of his friends are now in committed relationships and feels as though he is the odd one out. During the initial consultation Mr A, aged 25 disclosed that he has few girlfriends and was lacking in confidence. He works part-time in a bakery/restaurant as a shop assistant. He has been working at the bakery for the last seven years since he left school and says even though he has workedRead MoreDescribe and evaluate 2 approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviours.2378 Words à ‚  |  10 Pagesthreatening. They would not recognise their actions as being so as they see their response to the stress as normal and appropriate this can be described as a destructive coping strategy which in turn when repeated becomes a self-defeating behaviour (Module 5 p5). This is a subconscious response, a learned behaviour. The definition above suggests a conscious decision to deliberately sabotage the self, as on onlooker we would probably agree with that statement but the individual will see their actionRead Moreâ€Å"Using the case study at the end of the module assess the clients issues and describe your treatment plan. What ethical issues might arise?1956 Words   |  8 Pagesmore likely to develop several types of cancer. The difference between being overweight and obese lies in a persons Body Mass Index. The body mass index (BMI) is your weight in kilograms divided by your height in metres squared. if your BMI is between 25 and 29, you would be considered overweight if your BMI is between 30 and 40, you would be considered obese if your BMI is over 40, you would be considered very obese (known as ‘morbidly obese’). A lot of people insist they need to loose weight, whether

American History 1946-1976 Free Essays

string(73) " a better future in the cities of America \(Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p\." The United States is a nation of immigrants. The resident population of the country comprises people who came from abroad or are descendents from overseas. Black were said to be some of the earlier migrants but they were considered to be slaves prior to the Emancipation Proclamation. We will write a custom essay sample on American History 1946-1976 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The transformation of the American society is not possible without the outburst of population influx. The industrial revolution made it possible for transportation and communication, resulting in a massive economic transformation for America. In the early part of American history, immigration rules had been lax. It was not until 1819 when the first immigration statistics had been collected when the topic of immigration was laid on the table for lawmakers (McClenaghan, 1988, p. 170). Given the abundance of fertile land in the country which necessitated workers, immigration was deemed on a positive note. However, the end of the Civil War saw closing of the land frontier. There was no shortage of manpower and the sudden boom of population and spirit of nationalism had started to take its toll among immigrants. The end of Civil War was witnessed by European immigrants who had already settled in the county starting 1820. The Irish, for instance, had left Ireland due to the severe British regimen ruling in their country (May, 1989, p. 479). Likewise, the European War saw many Italians, Greeks, Polish, Germans and other non-English speaking people coming to America. In Unit I, which covers the 1865- 1876, life for American immigrants mirrored the agony of reconstruction the country was facing at that time. As the country was struggling with picking the pieces of an embattled nation, immigrants continued to flock America. Some southern and northern states had put up bureaus to draw immigrants. The Contract Labor Law of 1864 stated that the federal government would assist an immigrant in his journey by a â€Å"lien on his or her wages† (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 938). The law was revoked in 1868. Majority of non-English speaking immigrants toiled as laborers, porters, peddlers, while those who spoke English were able to find higher paying jobs. By 1870, the country had around 39 million people, 3 million of whom were immigrants or those born abroad and settled in America (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 549). There were also immigrants from Asia. In the early 1850s, Chinese immigrants went to California to work in gold mines (Brinkley, 2003, p. 446). By 1865, more than 12,000 Chinese had found work in building the transcontinental railroad. The Central Pacific which was then responsible for building the western part of the road had 90% of Chinese in its labor force. One social issue they faced was discrimination. While it was true that corporations preferred hiring Chinese because of their tenacity and commitment to work, many Americans resented this. More jobs were being given to Chinese because they were also willing to work for fewer wages, something which did not sit well with Americans. As one editor of the New York Nation said, the Chinese were responsible for creating a â€Å"disgusting habits of thrift, industry and self-denial† (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 947). With the country tiding in on Reconstruction, the economy was not in a good shape and Americans blamed the Chinese and other immigrants (May, 1989, p. 481). Discrimination in California, where most Chinese immigrants had taken residence, started to brew. The Workingmen’s Party, for instance, was intense in goading the government to pass laws to victimize Chinese. The Sidewalk Ordinance which banned people carrying their merchandise on a pole to walk on the sidewalk (p. 481). At that time only Chinese carried their goods this way. The discrimination was this obvious: the anti-Chinese sentiment was growing. The Panic of 1873 fueled this tension and the Congress soon acted with an exclusion act in 1879, which ban the import of Chinese workers (Bragdon, McCutchen, and Ritchie, 1996, p. 532). In response to the issue, the Chinese did nothing, continuing to work, toiling in vast drainage and irrigation projects (Brinkley, 2003, p 446). It was initially rejected by President Hayes citing the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, which made China a â€Å"most-favored nation† when it comes to travel and immigration (O’Neill, 2002, p. 240; Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 947). However, as constructions of railroads were finished, demand for laborers waned and in 1882, President Arthur approved a ten-year suspension called the Chinese Exclusion Act. In 1902, the act suspended indefinitely. The outcome was limitation in the number of Chinese immigrants coming in to the country but their number had already increased due to marriage and birth within their community. The tide of American immigrants continued from 1877- 1920. In fact, it was during this period where around 14 million Europeans made America their residence (May, 1989, p. 482). It used to be that immigrants came prior to 1890 came from northern and western Europe. However, the year 1885 saw a tremendous increase of immigrants coming from southern and Eastern Europe (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 529). Furthermore, America welcomed immigrants from Canada, Mexico, Latin America and Japan (Brinkley, 2003, p. 502). Chinese immigrants, despite the Chinese Exclusion Act, along with the Japanese continued to flock America (p. 502). In 1880, there were around 75,000 Chinese in California, 1/9th of the state’s population (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 946). In 1870, the number of Japanese immigrants were roughly about 56; however by 1900-1909, the figures increased significantly to an estimate 7000 (p. 481). By 1890, four out of five people living in New York was born abroad; the state also become home to more Irish than the Irish people living in Ireland (p. 937). The appeal of America was probably due to the hardship their respective countries were experienced. The surge in immigration was responsible for the growth of the country, especially its urban growth as most immigrants were lured by the city, where the realization of the American dream had already begun. Europeans crossed the Atlantic in hopes of a better future in the cities of America (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. You read "American History 1946-1976" in category "Papers" 504). As the new immigrants began to settle in the cities, they started to live in homogenous neighborhoods. Thus, there existed a Little Italy and a Jewish Lower East Side on the side of New York and Chinatown. These small enclaves allowed the immigrants to retain their sense of community. In 1920, Chicago had around 1 7 Little Italy colonies spread out in the city (p. 943). Ellis Island in New York became the port of immigrants. This reception center situated in an island off the New Jersey coast became the first soil that immigrants stepped on upon entering the United States (pp. 940). The ethnic neighborhood facilitated for what could have been an easier assimilation for these immigrants. They recreated their own churches, synagogues, and even printed their own newspapers (p. 531). However, the influx immigration created not only social problems but economic and as well. Immigrants had a hard time finding decent jobs, often toiling in sweatshops, factories and mines. The atmosphere of nativism, where native-born should be favored instead of immigrants in just about anything, was developing. Native-born Americans started growing prejudice against them, threatened their entry in the country. The differences not only in language, dress and customs made Americans fear for this looming social changes. Immigrants were easily the subject of hostility. Literary problems also started to arise, especially for those non-English speaking immigrants. The Japanese, for instance, started learning the American way of living, learning English and sending their children to public schools (May, 1989, p. 481). However, this did not sit well with Americans. In 1906, the San Francisco school board issued an order to separate Japanese children from the other students. When the Japanese government protested, President Roosevelt intervened. An agreement in 1908 centered on an agreement limiting the number of Japanese immigrants to the country (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 506). California, which in earlier years, resented the presence of Chinese immigrants, passed an Alien Land Law, which banned Japanese from possessing agriculture land (p. 506). As labor unions began to form around the country, immigrants were still not accepted. For one, they received fewer wage. For a dollar that an American-born laborer received, Italians received 84 cents, Hungarians 68 cents and others 54 cents (Katz, 1993, p. 73). Furthermore, Americans organized themselves to counter the growing number of immigrants. They formed group such as the American Protective Association, which was against Catholic immigrants. The largest labor union, the AFL or American Federation of Labor excluded immigrants. As America continued to plunge into urban growth, political corruption became prevalent. Americans blamed corruption as the cause of the growing immigration. In response to this, immigrants chose to remain loyal to their employees. As civic reformers talked of cleaning up the government and expressing their contempt on immigrants, the bosses showed appreciation to their employees by helping them process their naturalization proceedings and helping them when they got into trouble (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 507). With regards to the labor union, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWWW) was formed in 1905 to include all workers regardless of race, skill and gender (Katz, 1993, p. 73). The outcome of this was that immigrants had started to stand up for what they believed in. racial segregation still existed but the process of keeping their identities intact had begun. An example was the creation of French-language parochial schools in New England. Put up by French Canadians, the schools had grown to 179 elementary and 28 high schools in America (Katz, 1993, p. 15). It was a clear sign that immigrants were determined to stay in the country. Child labor laws prohibited immigrant children to work, forced them instead to go to schools. With the compulsory education laws, children of immigrants became indoctrinated with the American values and English values (p. 642). Majority of these children were responsible of passing their learning to their non-English speaking parents. The years 1921-1945 saw a decrease in the number of immigrants. Following the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, the list of requirements and restriction on immigrants had tightened. For instance, immoral persons and anarchists were banned to enter US in 1903, illiterates in 1917 (McClenaghan, 1988, p. 170). By 1920, roughly 20 various immigrant groups were not able to step in the country (p. 170). The lives of American immigrants became harder, especially with the mounting antiforeign and anti-Black sentiment around the country. This period ushered in the Progressive spirit, which focused on every aspect of American life, including those of immigrants. This time saw reforms in what Progressives deemed as the evils of the American system. Discrimination and prejudice still reigned in the country, despite the fact that American immigrants have been in the country for years One political problem they faced was religious problems. As World War I erupted, many Europeans fled their countries and sought refuge in America. The â€Å"new immigrants,† as they were known, were mostly Jewish or Roman Catholics (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 630). American Protestants feared that their religious values would shadow the presence of Catholics. Some employees also declined Irish applicants, to the extent of posting an â€Å"Irish need not apply† signs (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 483). The Catholic Church was then dominated by the Irish, thus became the subject of religious persecution. Additionally, various religious discrepancies among immigrants themselves caused more misunderstanding. To cite, Russian and Polish Jews had different traditions from Sephardic and German Jews (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 945). In response to this issue, the immigrants continued to go about their own ways. They formed groups, recreated their own churches and synagogues. The outcome of doing this was it strengthened the unity among immigrant groups. They became more close-knit, living in homogenous areas of the city. It was also during this period when immigrants faced greater social and political problems. Agitation towards immigrant became full-blown. Xenophobia or the fear of strangers became the growing sentiment in the country. The â€Å"new immigrants† made Americans alarmed over â€Å"race suicide† (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 63). For instance, Kenneth Roberts wrote in the popular Saturday Evening Post that Polish Jews should be avoided for they were â€Å"human parasites† and that immigrants of Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean and Semitic ethnicity were not only â€Å"worthless and futile† but â€Å"good-for-nothing mongrels of Central America and Southeastern Europe† (p. 630). Another problem which immigrants faced which further planted the seeds of the sedition was the celebrated case involving two Italian anarchists named Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. An anarchist is someone who does not believe in any form of government. The two were arrested for a payroll robbery and murder in Massachusetts (p. 629). They were sentenced to death although evidence against them was inconclusive. They were electrocuted in 1927, amidst a series of worldwide remonstration (p. 629). Some people believed that they were innocent and the reason that they convicted was because of their political beliefs. Moreover, it was during this year when Red Scare pervaded the United States. A few years ago, communists, called Reds, took control of the Russian government. The communists believed that the government should take control of everything, like farms and factories. This train of thought contrasts with the American system of free enterprise (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 692). Americans soon began fearing that communists living in the US would do embark on this. It did not help that during this time, labor unrest was notorious, stimulating more trepidation on Americans. To assuage their fears, some Americans revived the Ku Klux Klan, which was exclusive for â€Å"native-born, white, gentile Americans† (p. 693). The organization, started during the Reconstruction heyday, attacked not only black people but immigrants, Jews, and American Indians (p. 693). In the mid 1920s, the group boasted of around five million members (p. 694). The revival of the Ku Klux Klan, the Red Scare and the conviction of the Italian immigrants made Congress pass the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 which restricted immigration to the country (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 717). Immigration was limited to 3 percent of the nationality already in the US (p. 717). The act became a permanent policy three years later and in 1927 a total of 150,000 immigrants were to be admitted per year, divided based on the 1920 census (p. 717). Japanese immigrants were completely excluded with the passing of the Japanese Exclusion Act in 1924. In response to the overwhelming problems that beset the immigrants, the immigrants had no choice but to comply with the laws. In some cases, like with the Japanese, the exclusion greatly damaged diplomatic relationship between the two countries. At the height of the war, Japanese-Americans were forced to move to â€Å"relocation camps† (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 738). Japanese-Americans who lived on the West Coast were accused of helping the Japanese sabotage the country (p. 738). For some immigrants, the restriction and growing anti-immigrant sentiment thrown at them were not enough to make them waver and give in. They remained steadfast and continued living in proximity, becoming stable in the process. They formed groups such as the La Orden de Hijos de America, which comprised white Chicano workers fighting for their U. S. citizenships (Katz, 1993, p. 15). Despite the discrimination and maltreatment, many Japanese- Americans volunteered during the War. It paid off. In 1988, the Senate issued a public apology and provided a tax-free payment of $20,000 to surviving Japanese-Americans (p. 738). Following World War II, Unit IV, covering the years 1946-1976, life for immigrants was much better. Despite the inequalities in America, many people chose to live in the country, some sought political asylum and freedom from oppression. Others simply wanted to have a better future in the US. In the 60s, where call for civil rights where at the forefront, many Americans demanded for immigration reforms. In July 1963, President Kennedy recommended to scrap the national origins quota system (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p . 882). The Immigration Act of 1965 restricted the number of immigrants to 170,000 per year per country and phased the national origins quota altogether (Brinkley, 2003, p. 835). In the 70s, immigrations increased to 433, 600 a year (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 892). The 60s saw a surge in Mexicans migrating to the country. One literary problem they faced was language barrier. Some Latinos who established their presence in America could not speak nor understand English. This proved to be a big barrier in applying for jobs and immersing in the American life. Several employers took advantage of this and exploited Mexican workers. In response to this, several Mexican Americans founded labor organizations to help them get jobs and receive due benefits. In doing so, they strengthened their ethnicity. With regards to their language, in 1974, the United States Supreme Court approved the right of non-English speaking students to seek education in their own language. Thus, the idea of bilingualism was injected into American culture. After the Vietnam War, several Asians took refuge in America. The door of immigration opened again for the country. In the 80s, legal immigration in the US was estimated at 7 million people (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 1653). It was also the first time that majority of these immigrants did not come from Europe (p. 1653). The new wave of immigrants, mostly from Asia and Latin America, reopened the old wound of ethnic conflict. One social problem these new immigrants faced were still discrimination. In 1994, California passed Proposition 187, which banned illegal aliens to have access to school, medical care and other social services (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 1019). This created friction between the legal immigrants and the illegal ones. Some preached that this is completely bigotry. Adding more salt to the wound was the 1998 approval of ending bilingual education in California. In response to this problem, immigrants worked to enter the country legally. Although there are aliens flooding the country from time to time, Immigration Services has employed a stricter guideline. Several ethnic groups have also asserted themselves. The entry of ethnic studies program in school and universities is one way of embracing cultural differences between Americans and differences. This is one outcome that immigrants had wanted to achieve from the first time they stepped foot in the country. The presence of immigrants in the United States has earned the country the moniker of being a melting pot. The country is a multi-cultural society with each group respecting the other. Mayor Share James of Newark, New Jersey, noted that America’s diversity is its strength (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 1020). This makes sense. Since the discovery of America, it has always been varied. Different cultures and ethnic background make it unique, in the same vein that the differences provide a sense of heritage. It makes America culture colorful. It is sad for a fact that it took people years to understand this and that the forefathers of immigrants had to endure torture and humiliation but the appointment of the first Black American president in the country is probably a sign that yes, the country is ready for change. References Bragdon, H. , McCutchen, S. and Ritchie, D. (1996). History of a free nation. Ohio: Glencoe/ McGraw-Hill. Brinkley, A. (2003). American history a survey USA: McGraw-Hill. Divine, R. , Breen, T. H. , Fredrickson, G. , Williams, R. H. (1991). America the people and the dream. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. Jordan, W. and Litwack, L. (1991). The United States 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Katz, W. (1993). A history of multicultural America. USA: Sleek- Vaugh Company. May, E. (1989). A proud nation. Illinois: McDougal, Littell and Company. McClenaghan,W. (1988). Magruder’s American government Massachusetts: Prentice Hall. O’Neill, W. (2002). United States. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 29 USA: Britannica Inc. Tindall, G. B. , and Shi, D. (1999). America a narrative history. USA: W. W. Norton and Company. How to cite American History 1946-1976, Papers

Challenges and Opportunities Faced by BP-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Opportunities and Challenges Confronting Manager's Operating in the Global Environment. Answer: Introduction Firstly, this essay will critically discuss the opportunities and challenges confronting manager's operating in the global environment, as external factors impact the organizations when they globally operate. Management seeks special skills and knowledge to enable them to operate in the host country with regard to culture constrains. Global challenges may relate to one or group of factors represented in acquiring resources, culture, population, technology, environment, regulations and many other factors. Natural resources are limited, the ecological system is unbalanced, climate is changing, there is an increased rate of pollution and advancement in technology (Virakul, 2015). Leadership is considered a dominant factor in global operations to manage the cross culture operations. Leaders in global missions should enjoy special traits as transformation, trust, communication and empathy with employees from different cultures (Aarseth, Rolstads, Andersen, 2013). Secondly, this essay also discusses the global challenges and opportunities that face Bp in its global operations. The global direction towards low carbon is considered a challenging factor to Bp, although, the company enjoys technological capabilities that enable it from exploring the future of the oil and gas industry. Also, it develops the capabilities of its employees in partnership with academic entities through extensive training programs to be able to compete in the global market (O'Regan Ghobadian, 2010). The PESTLE analysis of the global environment of Bp is critically discussed to shed the light on the most dominating factor of its business. Finally, this essay, declares the challenges and opportunities that faces Bp in its operations in the Australian market and its new initiative of the BPMe app to the consumers in the retail market and its usefulness. First: International challenges and possible opportunities that face managers in a global environment Challenges confronting managers operating across the border The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the challenges confronting managers operating across the border. As business is highly influenced by globalization and there is a growing number of organizations is operating in the international market, concerning the key competencies of international management and staff and the cross culture challenges. Accordingly, managers and employees of multinational organizations are exposed to cross-cultural and global decisions on a daily basis. One of the challenges for organizations which operate globally, is the readiness of managers and their effectiveness to take global strategic decisions that match the international diversity and complex business environment. Many organizations enhance their managers' capabilities through training. Management in globally operating organizations need certain competencies to succeed in solving problems and handling conflicts. Global management competencies, are also mentioned as global leadershi p competencies which are discussed heavily in the literature. Leadership competencies include, skills, personality and other personality traits (Bcker Poutsma, 2010). Cross-cultural competencies and diversity management are not completely analyzes as there is no agreement among researchers about the factors shaping cross- cultural competencies. Although Johnson et al. (2006) as cited in Bcker Poutsma (2010), argue that the cross culture competencies refer to the effectiveness of individuals' skills, personal traits and knowledge in doing business within different cultures. Johnson, also defines the cognitive, behavioral and effective components as the main components of the cross-cultural competencies. He argues that researchers did not differentiate between the knowing and the doing gap. The aim of this paragraph is to critically discuss the global challenges that managers may face when they operate in a different world country. These challenges could be represented in the driving factor of globalization to business and the growing number of organizations operating in the international market, the need for highly qualified management, to effectively lead people in multiple countries and employ workers with different culture backgrounds. Regarding the various cultures challenge, the multinational organizations aim to succeed in its business and achieve operational excellence. Organizations should select the best talents to adapt to the requirements of the global business. Some of the multinational organizations tend to use the common scheme of retaining and rewarding managers in the same way they act with local managers. Many managers are nationally oriented as a sort of standardization. This requires applying talent management and developing skills across borders. Although, many evidences that managers act in a national oriented manner and focus more on employees with similar nationalities. It is essential to engage all of the employees from diverse multicultural. Leaders should be sure that their leadership style is matching the multicultural workplace. There is a challenge represented in the quality of the offered training programs to the global employees. Accordingly, HRM has to regularly check the quality of the offered training to the global employees to develop their skills according to the required qualifications of the new job tasks (Cerimagic Smith, 2011). The mobility of the global talent of senior executives, as most of multinational orga nizations like to select high performance management of global operations to lead their global operations in other world countries. It is considered a good career opportunity for leaders operating beyond country borders, although, leaders face many complexities as tax and compensation. Expatriate career development may be neglected by the home country (Woollard, 2010). In conclusion, it is important to train the global talent on how to manage activities in the global environment and act within the best fit leadership style that matches the host country business environment. Opportunities that face managers operating across the border The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the opportunities that face managers operating across the border. Global business organizations deal with the world as if it is a single market and seeks opportunities that exist outside the border of the home country. The global business opportunities include the culture and processes of the business environment (Sealy, et. al., 2010) Preparation training gives the opportunity to employees to gain knowledge through training programs relevant to the new community, dynamic and related to the latest events in the host country. Through the appropriate training, employees would be able to feel familiarity with the new community (Cerimagic Smith, 2011). Characteristics of the global business organizations could be stated according to Sealy, et. al (2010), as follows: The development of a management system is irrelevant to the home country as it develops its new management system. Redesign of the organizational culture and structure to match the global business environment as the matrix organization. Big organizations are able to develop their capacity much more than small sized organizations. Global business operations enable the organizations to discuss different cultural issues to find proper solutions to business problems. Face to face discussions facilitate the exchange of thoughts and enriches discussions within open environments (Prager Such,, 2010). In conclusion, operating in a host country enables a culture sharing and enriches the opportunity of exploiting and exchanging business ideas which enable the management to take proper decisions with regard to the host country culture. Second: The PESTEL analysis of BP This paragraph critically analyses the external environment of Bp by using the PESTLE analysis, according to Harrell (2016), the factors of PESTLE analysis are as follows: Political: This paragraph will discuss the political factor, which has big influence on the prices of oil. Bp faced the problem of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, which put Bp in disastrous situation. Bp was accused to lack the required expertise, although other opinion accused refers the reason to lower investments in the project. Economic: This paragraph will discuss the economic factors affecting Bp, as the Iraqi oil is dominated by the US, both of India and China high oil demand pushed up the oil prices. Bp has to overcome its disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, and invest more in the production of oil and gas with regard to the inflation rates and the exchange rates. The crisis of the oil spill is analyzed by experts as a failure of Bp to utilize the updated information (Brunton, 2015). This crisis obligated Bp to establish a safety fund of 20 Bn. $ as a compensation for the claims of damaging the Gulf water and the natural resources (Lin?Hi Blumberg, 2011). Bp stock price remained constant for 10 years among the highest FTSE 100, which resulted in a weak demand for investing in the company assets (O'Regan Ghobadian, 2010). Bp has optimistic predictions for oil demand during the period 2011-2030, as a result of increase in the real income within the same period. The energy security acts as a challenging factor to Bp, as about 60% of reserves of natural gas are located in 4 countries and about 80% of oil reserves are located in 9 countries. It is highly important to secure its supply of oil and natural gas (British petroueum, 2012). Bp also faces the challenge of lowering the carbon emissions, which represent uncertainty in the economic conditions (British petroleum, 2016b). Social: This paragraph will discuss the social factor affecting Bp global operations, as the marketing strategy of Bp is highly affected by increases in the oil and gas prices. The income distribution affects people's demand for oil as the middle class can buy cars when their income rise. Social improvements increase the people's demand for oil. Technological: This paragraph will discuss the technological factor affecting Bp global operations, as the demand for clean and renewable energy is globally increasing. Large investments are required by Bp to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Environmental: This paragraph will discuss the environmental factor affecting Bp global operations, as the climate change affects the oil industry. Bp should invest more to maintain the infrastructure and to keep away from anticipated damages in the pipelines and wells. Bp promotes for using the nuclear power as a solution for cutting the greenhouse emissions. Legal: This paragraph will discuss the legal factor affecting Bp global operations, as governmental regulations towards taxation and duties on fuel affect the oil price. Also, regulations related to enforcing citizens to use bio-fuels and road pricing are examples of laws that affect the Bp operations negatively. In conclusion, Bp faces major challenges in its global operations, the unforgivable fault of the Gulf oil spill and the changing demands and legal conversion towards the natural resources of energy are complex problems that Bp has to face the challenges through increasing its investments and doing extensive research on RD to adapt to the new industrial changing environment. Possible challenges and opportunities that face managers of Bp in Australia The intention of this paragraph is to critically discuss the challenges and opportunities that face Bp in Australia. The global energy factors are changing. As the mix of energy is changing due to advancement in technology and environmental aspects. The oil industry needs to adapt to these changes. Bp will continue to adjust its strategy to adapt to the new industry requirements. Bp argue that the global oil demand is still growing and the provision of oil is big. The global supply of liquefied natural gas has grown led by the US to 19 Bcf/d, and in the second place comes Australia with growth equal to 13 Bcf/d which creates an opportunity to Bp in Australia. The Australian liquefied natural gas is mainly produced to be exported to Asian markets (British petroleum, 2017). Bp seeks excellence in its operations and processes, accordingly it intends to make joint venture in Australia in order to increase its competitiveness and assist in the growth of the Australian production of oil (British petroleum, 2015). Bp has many successful operations in Australia including, Bp marine, Air and shipping. Bp Air is concerned with private and corporate aviation, besides of the defense force of Australia. Bp marine supplies marine fuel on the Australian coasts. Bp shipping transports the oil around the coastline of Australia. BP pays taxes to the Australian government represented in income taxes, employment taxes and stamps. Another challenge is represented in facing the changing behavior of Australian consumers. The consumer behavior has changed to seeking more value of their money (Petroeum, 2016b). Culture change This paragraph discusses the cultural effect of Bp on the consumer behavior, as Bp has created a new system in order to affect the consumer culture of fuel services, Bp has introduced the smartphone payment technology to the Australian retail sector. The BPMe app provides services to the customer, including paying for their fuel, locating their closest BP service and storing their receipts electronically (British Petroleum, 2016c). This initiative was highly appreciated by customers who changes their behavior and used the BPMe app to facilitate the process of getting their needs of fuel. Conclusion This essay has critically analyzed the international challenges and opportunities that face managers in global environments. One of the challenges for organizations which operate globally, is the readiness of managers to take global strategic decisions that match the international diversity and complex business environment. Despite of the importance of leadership in global operations, cross-cultural competencies and diversity management are not completely analyzes ass there is no agreement among researchers about the factors shaping cross-cultural competencies. Bp faces major challenges in its global operations, according to the PESTLE analysis. Bp has to face the challenges through increasing its investments. Bp seeks excellence in its operations and processes, that why it has meant to make joint venture in Australia in order to increase its competitiveness. Also, it diversifies its operations in Australia as it operates in aviation, shipping and marine. Taxation is considered a challenge to the Bp operation in Australia, as it pays different kinds of direct and indirect taxes. Also changing the consumer behavior through the BPMe app is considered a kind of culture sharing with the Australian customer. References Aarseth, W., Rolstads, A., Andersen, B. (2013). Managing organizational challenges in global projects. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 7(1), 103-132. British petroleum. (2015). Strategic report. British petroleum. (2016a). Annual report. British petroleum. (2016b). Annual report. British Petroleum. (2016c). Bp revolutionises how Australians purchace fuel with its new mobile payment technology. British petroleum. (2017). BP Energy Outlook. British petroueum. (2012). BP in Australia: Sustainability report. Brunton, M. (2015). Chapter 8 Communicating Sustainability, but Producing Pollution: The Case of the BP Oil Spill. In Business and Sustainability: (pp. 169-191). Bcker, j., Poutsma, E. (2010). Global management competencies: a theoretical foundation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(8), 829-844. Cerimagic, S. and Smith, J. (2011). Screening and selecting project managers for the Middle East, Institute of Sustainable Development and Architecture. Harrell, L. (2016). British Petroleum (BP): A critical analysis of its corporate and international strategies. International Strategies, 6(3), 143-161. Lin?Hi, N., Blumberg, L. (2011). The relationship between corporate governance, global governance, and sustainable profits: lessons learned from BP. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 11(5), 571-584. O'Regan, N., Ghobadian, A. (2010). Revitalising an oil giant: An interview with Dr Tony Hayward, Chief Executive of BP. Journal of Strategy and Management, 3(2), 174-183. Petroeum, B. (2016b). BPs contribution to Australia. Prager, H., Such,, B. (2010). Building a global management pipeline. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(3), 160-163. Sealy, I., Wehrmeyer, Y., France, C., Leach, M. (2010). Sustainable development management systems in global business organizations. Management Research Review, 33(11), 1083-1096. Virakul, B. (2015). Global challenges, sustainable development, and their implications for organizational performance. European Business Review, 27(4), 430-446. Woollard, S. (2010). Managing talent across a global workforce. Strategic HR Review, 9(5), 5-10.

Same Sex Marriages--Call-To-Act Speech Essays - LGBT History

Same Sex Marriages--Call-To-Act Speech Imagine you have fallen in love with the person of your dreams, and the two of you have discussed it and have decided to get married. Now imagine that the person you wish to marry is of a different race. It wouldn't be a big deal, right? Well, if this situation had occurred about 50 years ago, it would have been a huge deal. Just a generation ago, many states banned mixed marriages. Seems absurd, doesn't it? Discriminating against an individual like that because of the color of their skin? This is a situation in America that I am sure all of you are familiar with, and most all of us I am sure agree that just because a person has different colored skin does not make them any different on the inside. We don't discriminate against minorities because of their color of their skin, so why is it that we now discriminate against gays and lesbians because of what is in their hearts? It is the same type of discrimination, and it needs to be stopped. How do we go about doing that, you ask? Don' t worry, I am not going to be unrealistic and ask you to become a gay-rights activist and make supporters of all of your friends and family. I am just going to ask you to do your small part to help give homosexuals the ability to marry. It is unfair to deny them this right, and together we need to act in order to give them this right, this equality, that they deserve. As I have told you all in my last two speeches, there are legal rights and benefits that come with marriage that homosexuals are being denied. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, many of the benefits of marriage that homosexuals are denied include: government benefits like Social Security and Medicare; hospital visitation rights; special rates and exemptions on tax returns; joint child custody; joint insurance policies; automatic inheritance in the absence of a will; making medical decisions on a partner's behalf; and choosing a final resting place for a deceased partner. While none of these are reasons to get married, they are all benefits and perks that homosexuals should not be denied simply because of their choice of a partner. They are rights that homosexuals are entitled to and deserve, and are rights that they would be able to benefit from if same-sex marriages were legalized. When you put yourself in their shoes, as I have had you do in my past speeches, it is cl ear to see that they deserve these rights as much as heterosexual couples do, and that their choice of partner should not affect these basic rights. I am sure you are all still asking yourselves just how YOU can make a difference. Well, you could become active in a gay-rights group, you could organize a rally in Red Square, you could even collect signatures and attempt to gain enough support to put the issue on the ballot for the next elections. But let's be realistic here. We are all students, and are busy with the stress of finals and even graduation for some. The minute that school ends, all we are going to be thinking about is laying out in the sun, taking advantage of three months (or even the rest of your lives) without homework. So who has the time or energy to do any of the things I just suggested? That is why I am just going to ask you to become a supporter by signing a document called the Marriage Resolution. This is a resolution formed and monitored by a group called The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund. The marriage resolution, according to the Partner's Task Force for Gay and Lesbian Couples, reads as follows: Because marriage is a basic human right and an individual personal choice, RESOLVED, the State should not interfere with same-gender couples who choose to marry and share fully and equally in the rights, responsibilities, and commitment of civil marriage. According to Evan Wolfson, the Director of the Marriage Project of the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, the resolution is aimed to: help promote the

Learn French Vocabulary in Context Lessons

Learn French Vocabulary in Context Lessons Learning new vocabulary in the form of a story is the best way to remember new vocabulary and study grammar in its rightful context. Instead of remembering words, you imagine the situation, you make your own movie, and associate French words with it. And its fun! Now, how you go about working with these  lessons is up to you. You can directly go for the French version with English translation, read the French part, and glance at the translation when needed. This is fun, but not very effective as far as learning French goes. My suggestion however is that you: First read the story in French only, and see if it makes any sense.Then, study the related  vocabulary list (look at the underlined links in the lesson: often there will be a specific vocabulary lesson linked to the story).  Read the story another time. It should make much more sense once you know the vocabulary specific to the topic.Try to guess what you don’t know for sure: you don’t have to translate, just try to follow the image and story that is taking form in your head. What comes next should be logical enough that you can kind of guess it, even if you dont understand all the words. Read the story a couple of times, it will come clearer with each run.Now, you can read the translation to find out the words you dont know and couldnt guess. Make a list and flashcards and learn them.Once you have a better grasp of the story, read it out-loud, just as if you were a comedian. Push your French accent (try to speak as if you were mocking a French person - it will soun d ridiculous to you, but I bet you it will sound quite French! Make sure you convey the emotion of the story, and respect the punctuation - thats where you can breathe!) Students of French often make the mistake of translating everything in their head. Although tempting, you should try to stay away from it as much as possible, and link the French words to images, situations, feelings. Try as much as possible to follow the images that appear in your head, and link them to the French words, not the English words. It takes some practice, but it will save you a lot of energy and frustration (French doesn’t always match English word by word), and will allow you to  « fill in the gaps  » much more easily. You will find all learn French in Context Easy Stories here. If you like these stories, I recommend you check out my level-adapted audio novels - Im sure youll like them.

Paper 2 about old spice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paper 2 about old spice - Essay Example The campaign was re-launched, this time with Isaiah Mustafa answering messages from fans and consumers in real time via YahooAnswers, Facebook, and Twitter. Using sex appeal and humor for entertainment, this ad was targeted at women since the company believed that women are the decision makers when it comes to purchasing household goods in the store. The campaign was very successful, especially in the generation of interest on social media. However, it also led to heated debate about whether the use of branded entertainment as means of communicating with the target audience could drive sales by resonating with them. This paper will use the Elaboration Likelihood Model in analyzing and describing how it is used in the ad, as well as why the model fits with the strategy and message of the campaign. To do this, the paper will first provide an overview of the theory, after which the model will then be applied to the ad campaign. While the concept of persuasion has gained a bad reputation because of its association with being pressured or swindled, it is not inherently negative and should also be considered as a process of influencing audiences (Petty et al, 2012). For example, Perloff (2014) argues that persuasion is, indeed, a form of communication and that it needs one party to send a clear and strong message to another. In addition, persuasion is also an attempt to influence another party and, in this case, understanding the audience, as well as what drives them, increases the likelihood that this attempt will succeed. Moreover, persuasion also uses interactions and aesthetics to make messages more persuasive to audiences. Finally, persuasion also influences and reinforces attitudes based on the assumption that the opinions of the audience should be strengthened over time. One of the most popular and cited persuasion models is Petty and

Paradoxical Nature Of Organizational Culture, As Incorporating Essay

Paradoxical Nature Of Organizational Culture, As Incorporating Elements Of Both Stability And Change - Essay Example These paradoxes, according to popular opinion are a consequence of socially constructed management discourses, whereby concepts such as change and flexibility, centralization and decentralization, flexibility and control etc., tend to co-exist, and at times, encouraged and perceived as inevitable elements for organizational success. For the purpose of this study, the predominant and widely recognized organizational paradox of change and stability, will be discussed at length. Change and flexibility, with regard to organizational environment, are perceived as two of the most inherent and crucial tools of achieving organizational growth and success. Companies, all over the world, constantly use these elements to drive their organizations towards growth and ensure long-term sustainability in the marketplace, particularly in situations whereby the external environment is characterized by strong competition or when the companies are caught in the midst of a crisis. This paper aims to disc uss the paradoxical nature of organizational culture, with regard to incorporating the widely popular albeit highly contradictory elements of change and stability. ... , managers today, encourage continuous innovation, improvement and change within organizations in order to address the challenges posed by the economic environment. The management is faced with the persistent challenge of adapting to the continuous innovations taking place in the external environment and devise and implement appropriate change management policies within their organizations, accordingly. It is on account of this very reason that various authors and researchers have concluded that change takes precedence over stability in contemporary corporate environment (Daft, 2010). It is a widely established fact that in order to survive in this highly dynamic corporate environment, the firms are required to include elements of innovation, flexibility as well as change from time to time. However, at the same time, they are also required to ensure stability and reliability (Farjoun 2010). The existence of this duality of change and stability, is one of the most widely popular and e ssential paradoxes in the field of organizational management (March & Simon, 1958; Thompson, 1967; Weick, 1979) which has received widespread attention and recognition in the field of management research, over the years (Farjoun, 2010; Gupta, Smith & Shalley, 2006; Leana & Barry, 2000; Lok, 2006; Nelson & Winter: 1982; Schultze & Stabell, 2004; Smith & Lewis, 2011). Literature review There is a high level of awareness within the field of management, regarding the existence of paradoxes ultimately leading to a rise in complexity and ambiguity (Farson, 1996; Handy, 1994; O’Connor, 1995). Most of these terms are widely popular and predominant in changing organizations wherein change is given crucial significance (Lewis, 2000). Van de Ven and Poole (1988), hence, making the concept of

Housewife to Career, Economic of Race and Gender Essay

Housewife to Career, Economic of Race and Gender - Essay Example argued that workforce discriminations are not owed to gender itself, but can be ascribed to the general truth that feminines are doomed to the accountabilities linked to bearing and raising children (Aguero and Marks 500). In fact, the plurality of business practitioners from varied organizations perceived that staffing women can improve the individual employee’s performance. They believed that a manifold labor force can furnish superior services unto the final consumers. Significantly, these practitioners believed that women can better fathom consumer’s necessities (Fleury 1999; Mueller 1998; Wentling and Palma-Rivas 2000, qtd. in Rahman, M. Hussain, and B. Hussain 85). Further, female corporate directors are proliferating leading to conclusive remarks that their cooperation in boards is manifested to be significant (Catalyst Group 2004; Rose 2007, qtd. in Srinidhi and Gul 1610). On the other side, literature has embedded a limited proof that racial discrimination, spe cifically skin color, has an impact on full-time employment contingency in a stationary environment (Akee and Yuksel 400). One significant discovery pertains to the decreasing number of females in the IT labor force owing to unconscious prejudices held by IT managers (Collett 33). However, the developments of women are hindered by three elements: (1) varieties of educational training, (2) feminines encounter career interruptions, and (3) women can work minor weekly hours (Galbraith 45). Additionally, a proliferating ratio of women is obtaining higher education since 1970 to 2008 (Sherrill 1). The prime factor under the category of interruptions is the childbearing; this triggers women to switch to part-time job after having children (â€Å"Why Women Suffered† 2). In fact, this is not considered a barrier since, nowadays, country like Germany has commenced to implement policy to alter family subsidies, having a double objective to augment fertility and to develop incentives for feminines to

Leadership Style Development

Leadership Style Development LEADERSHIP A process that influences other people to achieve an objective and guides the company in a way to make it more coherent and cohesive is called leadership. You can also define leadership as a process of leading people in the right direction in order to achieve goals. LEADERSHIP STYLES Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Whether you are managing a team at work, captaining your sports team or leading a major corporation, your leadership style is crucial to your success. Consciously, or subconsciously, you will no doubt use some of the leadership styles. The style that individuals use will be based on a combination of their beliefs and values and preferences , as well as the organizational culture and norms. The leadership styles we look at here are: Autocratic leadership Bureaucratic leadership Charismatic leadership Democratic leadership Laissez faire leadership people oriented leadership Servant leadership Task-oriented leadership Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Situational Leadership 1. Autocratic Leadership: This is often considered the classical approach. It is one in which the manager retains as much power and decision-making authority as possible. The manager does not consult employees, nor are they allowed to give any input. Employees are expected to obey orders without receiving any explanations. The motivation environment is produced by creating a structured set of rewards and punishments. 2. Bureaucratic Leadership: Bureaucratic leadership is where the manager manages by the book ¨ everything must be done according to procedure or policy. If it isnt covered by the book, the manager refers to the next level above him or her. This manager is really more of a police officer than a leader. He or she enforces the rules. This is a very appropriate style for work involving serious safety risks (such as working with machinery, with toxic substances or at heights) or where large sums of money are involved (such as cash-handling). 3. Charismatic Leadership: A charismatic leadership style can appear similar to a transformational leadership style, in that the leader injects huge doses of enthusiasm into his or her team, and is very energetic in driving others forward. The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader working the room as they move from person to person. They pay much attention to the person they are talking to at any one moment, making that person feel like they are, for that time, the most important person in the world. 4. Democratic Leadership Style: The democratic leadership style is also called the participative style as it encourages employees to be a part of the decision making. The democratic manager keeps his or her employees informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities. This style requires the leader to be a coach who has the final say, but gathers information from staff members before making a decision. Democratic leadership can produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time. 5. Laissez-Faire Leadership Style: This French phrase means leave it be and is used to describe a leader who leaves his or her colleagues to get on with their work. It can be effective if the leader monitors what is being achieved and communicates this back to his or her team regularly. The laissez-faire leadership style is also known as the hands-off ¨ style. It is one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Most often, laissez-faire leadership works for teams in which the individuals are very experienced and skilled self-starters. 6. People-Oriented Leadership or Relations-Oriented Leadership: This style of leadership is the opposite of task-oriented leadership: the leader is totally focused on organizing, supporting and developing the people in the leaders team. A participative style, it tends to lead to good teamwork and creative collaboration. However, taken to extremes, it can lead to failure to achieve the teams goals. 7. Servant Leadership: The servant leader serves others, rather than others serving the leader. Serving others thus comes by helping them to achieve and improve. When someone, at any level within an organization, leads simply by virtue of meeting the needs of his or her team, he or she is described as a leader. In many ways, servant leadership is a form of democratic leadership, as the whole team tends to be involved in decision-making. The leader has responsibility for the followers. Leaders have a responsibility towards society and those who are disadvantaged. People who want to help others best do this by leading them. 8. Task-Oriented Leadership: A highly task-oriented leader focuses only on getting the job done, and can be quite autocratic. He or she will actively define the work and the roles required, put structures in place, plan, organize and monitor. However, as task-oriented leaders spare little thought for the well-being of their teams, this approach can suffer many of the flaws of autocratic leadership, with difficulties in motivating and retaining staff. Task-oriented leaders can benefit from an understanding of the Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid, which can help them identify specific areas for development that will help them involve people more. 9. Transactional Leadership: The transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place. 10. Transformational Leadership: A person with this leadership style is a true leader who inspires his or her team with a shared vision of the future. Transformational leaders are highly visible, and spend a lot of time communicating. They dont necessarily lead from the front, as they tend to delegate responsibility amongst their teams. While their enthusiasm is often infectious, they can need to be supported by detail people. Working for a Transformational Leader can be a wonderful and uplifting experience. They put passion and energy into everything. They care about you and want you to succeed. 11. Using the Right Style-Situational Leadership: While the Transformation Leadership approach is often a highly effective style to use in business, there is no one right way to lead or manage that suits all situations. When a decision is needed, an effective leader does not just fall into a single preferred style, such as using transactional or transformational methods. In practice, as they say, things are not that simple. Appropriate Style of Leadership for 21st Century: A good leader will find him or herself switching instinctively between styles according to the people and work they are dealing with. This is often referred to as situational leadership. For example, the manager of an Avalon Aviation Academy trains new candidates using a bureaucratic style to ensure operatives know the procedures that achieve the right standards of product quality and workplace safety. The same manager may adopt a more participative style of leadership when working on production line improvement with his or her team of supervisors. There are some forces that influence the style to be used after assessing the questions: How much time is available? Are relationships based on respect and trust or on disrespect? Who has the information you, your employees, or both? How well your employees are trained and how well you know the task. Internal conflicts. Stress levels. Type of task. Is it structured, unstructured, complicated, or simple? As the new era has been started with the advancement in the technology field and there is no single style is better in 21st century. The best leadership style of 21st century would be the mix of all or some of the above stated styles as per the scenario of the organization. Even selecting the appropriate style for leadership these qualities should be in the leader to manage the organization. A good leader uses all the above styles, depending on what forces are involved between the followers, the leader, and the situation. Some examples include: Using an authoritarian style on a new employee who is just learning the job. The leader is competent and a good coach. The employee is motivated to learn a new skill. The situation is a new environment for the employee. Using a participative style with a team of workers who know their job. The leader knows the problem, but does not have all the information. The employees know their jobs and want to become part of the team. Using a delegative style with a worker who knows more about the job than you. You cannot do everything! The employee needs to take ownership of her job. Also, the situation might call for you to be at other places, doing other things. Using all three: Telling your employees that a procedure is not working correctly and a new one must be established (authoritarian). Asking for their ideas and input on creating a new procedure (participative). Delegating tasks in order to implement the new procedure (delegative). The most appropriate mix of leadership styles is Democratic, Servant and Transformational Leadership. The most using style in all the organization of the world. But there are also some situations where the leadership style is successful in each situation. These are followings: In some situations, an autocratic or authoritarian style is appropriate: In critical situations, where one leader is required When the leader has specific knowledge that others do not In some situations, a delegative style is appropriate: If a team member knows more than you do about a task When work loads and deadlines are pressing (shared success builds team cohesion) In most situations, a participative style is appropriate: Especially when team members understand the objectives and their role in the task To gain engagement and buy-in from all team members (it is noted that participative decision making is different to participative leadership and not always possible) Question: How come a leader can be effective in one organization move to another and seems to fail miserably discuss? A good leader is one who does not simply control his team members. Instead he sets himself as a role model. The task of the leader is to take the people from where they are to where they have not been. A leader need not be a superman. These are the following situation in which different style of leadership fail. The reasons behind these are Autocratic Leadership Style: It is the most effective style to use in these situations:- New, untrained employees who do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to follow Effective supervision can be provided only through detailed orders and instructions Employees do not respond to any other leadership style There are high-volume production needs on a daily basis There is limited time in which to make a decision A managers power is challenged by an employee The area was poorly managed Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization But is it will be miserably failed in these situations in the same organization or in the different organization Employees become tense, fearful, or resentful Employees expect to have their opinions heard Employees begin depending on their manager to make all their decisions There is low employee morale, high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage Democratic Leadership Style: The democratic leadership style is most effective when The leader wants to keep employees informed about matters that affect them. The leader wants employees to share in decision-making and problem-solving duties. The leader wants to provide opportunities for employees to develop a high sense of personal growth and job satisfaction. There is a large or complex problem that requires lots of input to solve. Changes must be made or problems solved that affect employees or groups of employees. You want to encourage team building and participation. Democratic leadership style should be failed badly in these circumstances where There is not enough time to get everyones input. Its easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision. The business cant afford mistakes. The manager feels threatened by this type of leadership. Employee safety is a critical concern. Bureaucratic Leadership: This style can be effective when the organization of this type. Employees are performing routine tasks over and over. Employees need to understand certain standards or procedures. Employees are working with dangerous or delicate equipment that requires a definite set of procedures to operate. Safety or security training is being conducted. Employees are performing tasks that require handling cash. This style is ineffective in organizational environments where Work habits form that is hard to break, especially if they are no longer useful. Employees lose their interest in their jobs and in their fellow workers. Employees do only what is expected of them and no more. Laissez-Faire Leadership Style: This is an effective style where behavior of employees in an organization is like these Employees are highly skilled, experienced, and educated. Employees have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own. Outside experts, such as staff specialists or consultants are being used Employees are trustworthy and experienced. This style should seem failed when the following situations falls. It makes employees feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager. The manager cannot provide regular feedback to let employees know how well they are doing. Managers are unable to thank employees for their good work. The manager doesnt understand his or her responsibilities and is hoping the employees can cover for him or her. Situational Leadership: These are the most effective approach for you in a situation where; The skill levels and experience of the members of your team. The work involved (routine or new and creative). The organizational environment (stable or radically changing, conservative or adventurous). You own preferred or natural style. Question: Compare and contrast the leadership of Tony Blair and Pervaiz Musharraf.Use relevant course module in your discussion. Do you think these leaders can continue their success? Give reasons. Tony Blair as a Democratic Leader Tony Blair (Anthony Charles Lynton Blair) was born in May 6, 1953, Edinburgh, Scotland but spent much of his childhood in Durham, England. He studied law at Oxford and then practiced law until 1983. Blair was soon a rising Leader of what became known as the new Labour movement, with positions more centrist on fiscal affairs and social issues like crime. He became leader of the Labour Party in 1994, and three years later Blair was 44, making him the youngest British prime minister since Lord Liverpool in 1812. Blair was re-elected in Parliamentary elections in 2001 and 2005. He has always described himself as a social democrat and no doubt.he is a democratic leader of Labour Party. He led the party to victories in the 1997, 2001, and 2005 elections. He made several decisions with the mutual consulting of his party and with the coordination of opposition party. Blairs government implemented a number decision in his regime as listed below 1997 manifesto pledges, Introducing the minimum wage, Human Rights Act Freedom of Information Act Regional devolution, Establishing the Scottish Parliament, The National Assembly for Wales, The Northern Ireland Assembly. Control of interest rates to the Bank of England, Good Friday Agreement. War on Terror in 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq. In his first six years, Blair had British troops ordered into battle five times Rights for gay people in the Civil Partnership Act 2004 Tony Blair as Prime Minister has played a significant role in †¢ Foreign Policy Blair argued that the relation with US is in Britains interest to protect and strengthen the bond regardless of who is in the White House. However, one-sided compromising personal and political closeness tends to serious discussion of the term Poodle-ism in the media. †¢ Security policy Blair introduced anti-terrorism and ID card legislation.Under Blairs government the amount of new legislation increased which attracted criticism. Blair increased police powers by adding to the number of arrestable offences, compulsory DNA recording and the use of dispersal orders. Relationship as a Democratic Leader : Tony Blair made relation with the UK parliament and other world role as a democratic leader Relationship with Parliament As a diplomatic leader,he replaced the then twice-weekly 15-minute sessions of Prime Ministers Questions held on Tuesdays and Thursdays with a single 30-minute session on Wednesdays. In addition to PMQs, Blair held monthly press conferences at which he fielded questions from journalists. Relation with other leaders of World Blair had a deep feeling for Israel as he born in part from his faith. Blair met Michael Levy a pop music mogul and fundraiser. He had been cool towards the right-wing Netanyahu governmenta and Ehud Barak, with whom Blair forged a close relationship. He also responded positively to Arafat, whom he had met thirteen times since becoming prime minister, regarding him as essential to future negotiations. Blair forged friendships with several conservative European leaders, including Silvio Berlusconi of Italy, Angela Merkel of Germany and more recently Nicolas Sarkozy of France. Post-Prime Ministerial career Diplomacy After resignation from his post of Prim minister he also served as a leader in the diplomatic envoy in Middle East for the United Nations, European Union, United States, and Russia. In May 2008, Tony Blair announced a new plan for peace and for Palestinian rights, based heavily on the ideas of the Peace Valley plan. Private sector In January 2008, it was confirmed that Blair would be joining investment bank JPMorgan Chase in a senior advisory capacity and that he would advise Zurich Financial Services on climate change. Blair also gives lectures for a 90-minute speech. Yale University announced on 7 March 2008 that Blair will teach a course on issues of faith and globalisation at the Yale Schools of Management and Divinity as a Howland distinguished fellow during the 2008-09 academic year Charity On 14 November 2007, Blair launched the Tony Blair Sports Foundation, which aims to increase childhood participation in sports activities, especially in the North East of England, where a larger proportion of children are socially excluded, and to promote overall health and prevent childhood obesity. Honours Blair is presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. On 22 May 2008, Blair received an honorary law doctorate from Queens University Belfast for distinction in public service and roles in the Northern Ireland peace process. On 13 January 2009, Blair was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush in recognition of exemplary achievement and to convey the utmost esteem of the American people, War on Terror and his role in achieving peace in Northern Ireland. Downfall of Blair Leadership Blair has no doubut a good leader ship qualities as a democratic leader but due to some decesion made in his tenur of Prime minister,the graph of his popularity go down. 1. Relation with US Government As the United Kingdom has its own place in the world but due to one sided relation with US government the, Blair was criticized by the public as well as other (Media Foreign leader). Nelson Mandela said that Blair as the U.S. foreign minister. Blair has also often openly been referred to as Bushs poodle. Kendall Myers, a senior analyst at the State Department, reportedly said that he felt a little ashamed of Bushs treatment of the Prime Minister and that his attempts to influence U.S. policy were typically ignored: Anthony Seldon revealing conversation between Bush and Blair, with the former addressing the latter as Yo, Blair was recorded when they did not know. Blair was sometimes paying insufficient attention both to the views of his own Cabinet colleagues and to those of the House of Commons.Due to this,he was criticised as not that of a prime minister and head of government, which he was, but of a president and head of state-which he was not. Nobel prizewinning playwright Harold Pinter and former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad, have accused Blair of war crimes. 2. Invasion of Iraq The participation in the invasion on Iraq in 2003 due to the reason the weapons of mass destruction.Blair strongly supported United States foreign policy rarding invasion of Iraq. As a result, he faced criticism over the policy itself and the circumstances in which it was decided upon-especially his claims that Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction, which have not been discovered. 3. Israel-Lebanon Conflict Blair was criticized for his failure to immediately call for a ceasefire in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with members of his cabinet openly criticizing Israel. Jack Straw, the Leader of the House of Commons and former Foreign Secretary stated that Israels actions risked destabilizing all of Lebanon. Significant number of ministers pressured Blair to publicly criticize Israel over the scale of deaths and destruction in Lebanon. Yes, of course this leader can continue their success by using these; Keep communication open: If the marketplace of ideas is going to be open for business, everyone needs to feel comfortable enough to put their ideas on the table. The democratic leadership style thrives when all the considerations are laid out for everyone to examine. Focus the discussion: Its hard to keep unstructured discussion productive. Its the leaders job to balance being open to ideas and keeping everything on-topic. If the conversation begins to stray, remind everyone of the goal on hand and then steer it back. Make sure to take note of off-topic comments and try to return to them when they are pertinent. Be ready to commit: In the democratic leadership style, you get presented with so many possibilities and suggestions that it can be overwhelming and difficult to commit. But as the leader, when the time comes, you have to choose and do so with conviction. The team depends on the clear and unambiguous mandates to be committed. Respect the ideas: You and your team might not agree with every idea, and thats ok. It is important, however, that you create a healthy environment where those ideas are entertained and considered not maligned or the flow of ideas will slow to a trickle. Explain, but dont apologize: You want the advocates of the solutions that were not selected to understand that their thoughts were considered and had validity, but that ultimately you had strong reasons to go a different direction. Its important that the decision be communicated, but you should not apologize for deciding on what you think. Pervaiz Mascara as an Autocratic Leader General (ret) Pervez Musharraf, born 11 August 1943 in Nehar Wali Haveli meaning House Next to the Canal, situated in Kacha Saad Ullah Mohallah, Daryaganj in Delhi, British India, is a Pakistani politician and military figure who served as the tenth President of Pakistan (2001-2008) and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army (1998-2007).He took power on 12 October 1999, following a nonviolent military coup and subsequent ouster of the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The military-led government stated its intention to restructure the political, economic and electoral systems. On May 12, 2000, Pakistans 12 member Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted Musharraf executive and legislative authority for 3 years from the coup date endorsing his governance. In 1961, he entered the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul, graduating 11th in his class. He was commissioned on April 19, 1964 in the Artillery Regiment. Later he joined the Special Services Group and was posted to Field Artillery Regiments. A graduate of the Command and Staff College, Quetta, and the National Defence College, Rawalpindi, Musharraf is also a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies of the United Kingdom.During his tenure has done several deceision as an Autocratic Leader. Economy of Pakistan come out of the list of Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Improvement of fiscal policies and macro-economic achievements. Space Program, which was last frozen in 1996 unfreezed in his tenure as well as new established a separated fund for SUPARCO to developed its high-powered HRLV, SLV, PSLV projects. War on Terror in 2001 invasion of Afghanistan Enlightened Moderation as an alternative to Islamic Poverty alleviation, the poverty level dropped from 34% to 24% and the overall living standard improves dramatically. Exceptional setup of 47 universities, including Virtual University Womens Protection Bill on 15 November 2006 Ethnic Minorities Rights, appointed a Christian, Derick Cyprian, as a federal minister.In August 2005, Justice Rana Bhagwandas (a Hindu) was sworn in as acting Chief Justice of Pakistan. Corruption in country decreases, as per Transparency International, from 11th most corrupt country to fall down to 41st. and In 2007, according to Transparency International, Pakistan is clearly ranked 138th out of 179 countries. Relationship as a Democratic Leader : India Musharraf was Chief of Army Staff at the time of Mujahideen incursions into India from Pakistan-administered Kashmir in the summer of 1999. Although Pakistan claimed that these were Kashmiri freedom fighters based in Indian-controlled Kashmir, later developments showed that they were Pakistani paramilitary soldiers backing up the separatists on the mountain top. Kashmir dispute The issue of Baglihar Dam at river chenab Disput of Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch, Siachin glacier, issues of Gurdaspur and Ferozepurs status, China Musharraf accused Western leaders and media of politicizing the 2008 Summer Olympics by criticizing Chinas human rights record and its policy in Tibet. He also said he would cooperate with China, which is a historical ally to Pakistan, in the fight against terrorism. During President Musharrafs government, China for the first time allowed a pakistani president access to one of its most advanced and secret military research facilities. Saudi Arabia Pakistans relationship with Saudi Arabia continues to grow. After his coup in October 1999, Riyadh was the first foreign capital General Pervez Musharraf visited, to signify the importance he gave to PAK-Saudi relations. Both countries has common view on international issues such as Kashmir, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Iraq, Irans nuclear program, Afghanistan and reform of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). President Musharraf honored King Abdullah by conferring upon him Pakistans highest civil award, Nishan-e-Pakistan, in a colorful investiture ceremony at the presidential palace. Honor In 2004, the President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf was nominated in the final list of hopefuls for that years prestigious Nobel Peace Prize. It is not the very first time that a suggestion of awarding the Noble Peace Prize to President Musharraf has been made. Pakistani President in fighting terrorism against Al Qaeda and other extremist groups within Pakistan, several important figures and organisations have also begun supporting General Musharraf as the strongest entrant for the Noble Peace Prize. Downfall of Musharraf Leadership as a President Some of the issues cause the downfall of Musharrafs government are listed below. Suspension and reinstatement of the Chief Justice: On 9 March 2007, Musharraf suspended the Chief Justice of Pakistan, Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, pressing corruption charges against him and filed a reference against the Chief Justice, in the Supreme Judicial Council Musharrafs moves sparked protests among Pakistani lawyers. On 12 March 2007, lawyers started Judicial Activism across Pakistan Lal Masjid siege The Musharraf government was forced to act against the Lal Masjid militants, after they formally announced the establishment of a parallel judicial system. The pro-Taliban Lal Masjid administration vowed to enforce Islamic laws in the federal capital and threatened to unleash a wave of suicide bombers if the government took any action to counter it. Emergency declared in Pakistan On 3 November 2007 Musharraf declared emergency rule across Pakistan. He suspended the Constitution, imposed State of Emergency, and fired the chief justice of the Supreme Court. Murder of Benazir Bhutto On 28 December,2007, suicide attack on Benazir Bhutto also creates hurdles to Musharraf and pakistani people becomes against his governement. Resignation from the Army On 2 Octo

America Needs an Alternative to Prison :: Argument Argumentative

America Needs an Alternative to Prison America's prisons have been called "graduate schools for crime." It stands to reason: Take a group of people, strip them of possessions and privacy, expose them to constant threats of violence, overcrowd their cell- block, deprive them of meaningful work, and the result is an embittered underclass more intent on getting even with society than contributing to it. Prisons take the nonviolent offender and make him live by violence. They take the nonviolent offender and make him a hardened killer. America has to wake up and realize that the current structure of our penal system is failing terribly. The government has to devise new ways to punish the guilty, and still manage to keep American citizens satisfied that our prison system is still effective. Americans pay a great deal for prisons to fail so badly. Like all big government solutions, they are expensive. In the course of my studies dealing with the criminal justice system, I have learned that the government spends approximately eighty-thousand dollars to build one cell, and $28,000 per year to keep a prisoner locked up. That's about the same as the cost of sending a student to Harvard. Because of overcrowding, it is estimated that more than ten-billion dollars in construction is needed to create sufficient space for just the current prison population. The plain truth is that the very nature of prison, no matter how humane society attempts to make it, produces an environment that is inevitably devastating to its residents. Even if their release is delayed by longer sentences, those residents inevitably return to damage the community, and we are paying top dollar to make this possible. Why should tax payers be forced to pay amounts to keep nonviolent criminals sitting in prison cells where they become bitter and more likely to repeat their offenses when they are released? Instead, why not put them to work outside prison where they could pay back the victims of their crimes? The government should initiate work programs; where the criminal is given a job and must relinquish his or her earnings to the victim of their crime until the mental and physical damages of their victims are sufficed. A court will determine how much money the criminal will have to pay for his restitution costs, and what job the criminal will have to do to pay back that restitution. The most obvious benefit of this approach is that it takes care of the victim, the forgotten person in the current system.

Public Health Delivery In Mauritius Health And Social Care Essay

As the expression goes â€Å" wellness is wealth † , the proviso of proper health care is highly of import as this implies wellbeing, felicity, and a good quality of life. A healthy population is indispensable for the growing and prosperity of a state. A state ‘s wellness system should therefore take at supplying quality health care to its population. The Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life, to whom an overall annual budget of Rs 5 billion is allocated, provides public health care in Mauritius as a â€Å" public assistance † service. ( Beginning: Newsletter Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life July 2009 ) . As at the twelvemonth ended 2008, wellness services were provided through 13 public infirmaries including 5 specialized 1s, 22 Area Health Centres and 108 Community Health Centres located throughout the state. ( Beginning: Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life ) . Free health care provided by the Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life has improved the wellness state of affairs of the citizens of Mauritius. This is shown in table 1.2 below. Under five Mortality Rate 22.4 16.4 Infant Mortality Rate 19.9 14.3 Spontaneous abortion Rate 15.7 10.1 Crude Death Rate 6.7 7.1 Crude Birth Rate 21.3 12.7 Life Expectancy at Birth: Male 65.6 69.1 Female 73.4 76.1 Table 1.2: Health Indexs in Mauritius for the old ages 1990 and 2008 ( Beginning: Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life ) The wellness indexs in Table 1.2 show favorable alterations in the wellness state of affairs of Mauritians in 2008 compared to 1990. Apart from supplying wellness services to the citizens of Mauritius through its infirmaries and wellness Centres, The Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life being extremely concerned about the wellbeing of the Mauritanian population, attempts to make awareness amongst them by transporting out several public assistance activities. The latter include the launching of a Mobile Clinic which was done on 7 May 2009, public presentation of physical activities such as yoga, aerobic exercises, Tai Chi and physical exercising that are organised to promote people to follow a healthy life style, tips given with respects to a healthy nutrition so as to contend fleshiness, organizing empowerment programmes to sensitize the population on the inauspicious effects of baccy and intoxicant, negotiations on stress direction and a National Cancer Control Programme has been developed to contend against malignant neoplastic disease. ( Beginning: Newsletter Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life July 20 09 ) Furthermore, The Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life purposes at bettering the quality of health care provided to the citizens of Mauritius. Recently, on 27 April 2009, it introduced the execution of the ISO 9001: 2008 in wellness services so as to increase client satisfaction and run into the demands of the Mauritanian population. ( Newsletter Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life July 2009 ) . The future programs of the Ministry include the puting up of Medical Schools where proper preparation will be given to healthcare suppliers and bettering the cordial reception and catering services provided in its infirmaries. ( Beginning: Newsletter Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life March 2009 ) From the above, it can be noted that The Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life is extremely concerned with the wellness of the citizens of Mauritius. However despite all the attempts of The Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life, the Mauritanian population does non look to be to the full satisfied with its health care services. Patients are progressively registering medical malpractice instances which presents are repeatedly seen as being the headline of many newspapers. Media coverage has created an increased consciousness of injury related to healthcare mistakes. Additionally, despite the fact that industrialization and economic growing during the last old ages have positively changed the life style and the criterion of life of the Mauritanian population, the latter is extremely exposed to diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, fleshiness, malignant neoplastic disease, HIV/AIDS and so forth. Research has shown that 1 out of 5 Mauritians aged 30 and supra has diabetes that is largely caused due to fleshiness, unhealthy eating wonts, deficiency of physical activity and intoxicant maltreatment. ( Beginning: Newsletter Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life July 2009 ) The HIV/AIDS position in Mauritius is rather high with 3792 instances registered from October 1987 to March 2009. This has resulted in 249 deceases as at March 2009. Prior to 2000, 20 to 30 new instances of HIV were being reported yearly. However over the period of 2001 – 2005 the figure had increased by about twice yearly: 55 in 2001, 98 in 2002, 225 in 2003, 525 in 2004 and 921 in 2005. The 538 new instances registered in 2008 showed that in malice of all the attempts of the Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life, HIV in Mauritius is on a lifting tendency. ( Beginning: Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life: An analysis of Health Situation in Mauritius as at twelvemonth ended 2008 ) Furthermore each twelvemonth more than 1400 new instances of malignant neoplastic disease are registered in Mauritius. In 2008, 12 % of all deceases were due to this disease. ( Beginning: Newsletter Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life July 2009 ) Heart diseases and Diabetes mellitus were the first two chief causes of mortality in 2008. Comparing the causes of decease in 2008 with those of 1975: Causes 1975 2008 All diseases related to the circulatory system including bosom diseases 28.4 % 35.0 % Diabetess Mellitus 2.7 % 22.8 % Table 1.3: Causes of decease in the old ages 1975 and 2008 ( Beginning: Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life: An analysis of Health Situation in Mauritius for the twelvemonth ended 2008 ) Table 1.3 shows a rapid addition in decease due to bosom diseases and diabetes mellitus over the last three decennaries. This can be explained by a alteration in the life style and eating wonts of the citizens of Mauritius which is doing them go more prone to such non-communicable diseases. Morbidity in Mauritius and the litigation/complaints refering medical mal-practice therefore indicate that the Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life is non run intoing the demands of the Mauritanian population. The health care system in Mauritius is acquiring bigger and more complex as the outlooks of the population are increasing. The citizens of Mauritius who are now better educated, have become extremely demanding in footings of pick, entree, quality of attention and service. They furthermore feel that the system is deteriorating and going less antiphonal to their demands as the imperativeness merely publicises the bad points. Such negative media remarks decidedly demoralise the wellness attention suppliers. The purpose of this undertaking is to look into the jobs faced by the public wellness attention sector of Mauritius. This will be done through an empirical survey at Flacq Hospital, one of the well-known general infirmaries operated by the Ministry of Health & A ; Quality of Life. Throughout this survey, it is intended to measure the health care quality provided at Flacq Hospital and analyze the factors linked to serve experience and patient satisfaction. By measuring patient experience of import information can be obtained for placing jobs and taking appropriate steps for quality betterment in health-care installations ( Labarere and Francois, 1999 ; BatchelorA et al. , 1994 ) . Bettering the quality of service in infirmaries will therefore be good to everybody viz. patients, doctors, nursing staff, direction and tax-payers. Such a â€Å" win-win † state of affairs will be advantageous to the whole state.

Globalization Comparative Essay – Pros and Cons

Globalisation From the 20th century to today, with advanced communication and transport possibilities, grows the ratio of companies and countries providing wide scale of investments and business activities internationally. Moreover, the number of people migrating across the globe is significantly increasing. In other words, the world as we know it today, is different than the world of yesterday. Thus, it is changing into one huge, global, village. The term ‘globalisation’ interprets â€Å"worldwide integration and development. † (Dictionary. om 2012) Like every change, especially those of such a massive volume, also the model of globalised and integrated world is dividing society, not only academic, into two different argumentative positions. Proposition and opposition. Many people believe that the globalisation causes more negatives than positives on the economies of countries in the world. This essay discusses various impacts of globalisation on economies consid ered from two common points of view. Primary are compared positives and negatives caused by integration of countries worldwide.Subsequently, it is necessary to realize the importance of the ‘Third world’ in the process of globalisation, therefore this essay also investigates the case of developing countries and various benefits for them as well as the crucial damages caused by liberalisation of their economic environment and entrance of powerful multi-national corporations into local markets. One of the basic characteristics of an integrated world is that countries are more likely to help each other in the case of economic problems, because they are interdependent.Companies invest internationally, governments cooperate and sign bilateral or multilateral international agreements and establish unions (Commonwealth, NAFTA, EU,†¦) to simplify trade and flow of capital. Moreover, bank sector operates with the assets all around the world. All these examples belong to the category of international trade. With the formation of world market and multinational investments is strongly connected the sharing of interests spread worldwide.Therefore, â€Å"international trade is taken to be an indicator of interdependence, its high and with some interruptions rapidly growing values are accepted as evidence of the increasing interdependence of nations. † (IMF 2001) If conditions in countries are sound and economic environment healthy, businesses are making profit, export goods and pay income tax and CLO fees. On the other hand, if one country has various financial or debt problems, economic performance of particular region is weak. Businesses are making loss or are less likely to enter the market and international trade decreases.This fact motivates states to protect each other from the bankrupt and keep economic environment healthy. For example in European Union is established European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism for the purposes of protecting s tates from the bankrupt and keeping economic performance satisfactory. â€Å"This mechanism provides financial assistance to EU Member States in financial difficulties. † (European Commission 2012) Globalisation leads to increase in rich-poor gap. In terms of rich-poor gap is meant the difference in wealth between ‘rich north’ and ‘poor south’, in other words, developed and developing countries.Only wealthy companies can provide financially demanding investments across the borders. Considering fact that firms are profit-maximisers, substantive reason for investing of capital and resources in developing countries is expense reduction; consequently they are enlarging profit. Costs of labour and production intakes, as well as taxes, are not inconsiderably lower than in developed countries. However, all the profit made in developing world flows back to the developed world. According to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, in year 2007 was net inflow of capital into developing countries 196. bill. USD and overall export of capital was 772 bills. USD. (UNCTAD 2007) Moreover, companies investing abroad are so rich and powerful, that they can rule the market in smaller countries and take a competitive advantage. In developing countries are various problems to be solved by the businesses, beginning with poor infrastructure or lack of qualified workforce, ending with weak financial performance of local businesses to overcome these issues. On the other hand, multi-national companies have much more resources available to enter the market and their strong background provides them a competitive advantage. While local firms often find it difficult to compete with these firms, MNCs appear to be doing very well in spite of the competitive challenges faced. † (Ogutu and Samuel 2011, p. 1) Globalisation contributes to the improvement of the economies in developing countries. Firms enter the undeveloped market and invest their capital. Afterwards, these companies start to produce goods, employ people and sell their products and services. Furthermore, expands import and export of various supplies and materials in and from a specific country.Market in particular regions evolves and becomes liberalised as an impact of product exchange and international investments. â€Å"†¦liberalisation leads to further development of a country's financial system which in turn is thought to enhance productivity in the real economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Arestis and Singh 2010, pp. 11-12) In addition, the national budgets of countries benefit mostly from CLO-fees, income tax and GST set on all sold goods and services. Furthermore, citizens can take an advantage of working opportunities, including personal improvement and further qualification, provided by international companies and, of course, their income increases.Living standard of the population rises. As the evidence of such globalisation impact is considered the increa se in GDP and improvement of economies in developing countries. For instance: â€Å"Globalization in India had a favorable impact on the overall growth rate of the economy†¦growth rate in the 1970’s was very low at 3%†¦ above 8% was an achievement by the Indian economy during the year 2003-04. † (Goyal 2006, p 168) Contrasty, in the long run vantage point, globalisation causes various damaging negatives to each economy, mostly of smaller, not very powerful (developing and less developed) countries.The circle of naturally changing periods of productivity and recession in economy is considered to be an economic law. During the recession, which is regularly repeating status of each market economy in the world, the liberalised markets of particular countries, depending on multi-national corporations (foreign bank sector, several industrial sectors), are very threatened. Once recession begins, firms are reducing their production, closing factories and releasing em ployees. As a consequence is possible to observe fall in productivity, decrease of economic performance and increasing unemployment.Arestis and Singh assume, that â€Å"the financial crisis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (the period of recession) â€Å"†¦of August 2007 and the subsequent spread of it in the rest of the economy and the world, does not augur well at all for the poor, especially so in the developing world. † (Arestis and Singh 2010, p 7) If economies depend on those corporations and world market in general, they could find themselves in a disastrous situation. â€Å"Impact of the crisis can be realized by dramatically reduced capital inflow and a large private external refinancing†¦that all reflects on the reduction of export performance and a drastic fall in export markets. (Djordjevic and Stoiljkovic 2009 p 264) For completion of the story of India it is important to adjust situation of Indian economy after year 2006. â€Å"Due to globalization, the Indian economy cannot be insulated from the present financial crisis in the developed economies. â€Å" (Prasad and Reddy 2009) Furthermore, according to Prasad’s and Reddy’s research, the Indian economy was affected in various sectors from increase of unemployment, fall in investments and exports,†¦ This whole model of Indian economy describes clearly short- and long-run effects of globalisation process and interdependence of countries in the world.The integration of economies brings definitely benefits in the short run, but has destructive consequences in the long run, spreading the crisis between countries rapidly. Investigating and considering of all proposing and opposing arguments relevant for the discussion about globalisation, it is possible to conclude that the process of integration and development might have several positive effects on cooperation of the countries and, in addition, short-run positive affect on economies of developing countries.However, in long-run i t is possible to recognize several problems with financial help of the states between each other, based on enormous amounts payable for the countries which have debts. (Greece, Spain, Italy,†¦) As Dixon suggests, â€Å"the bailout fund doesn’t have enough money to rescue both Madrid and Rome. † (Dixon 2012) Moreover, considering the outflow of capital from developing countries and therefore enlarging the rich-poor gap and profits of multi-national companies, improvement in economies of developing countries could appear as irrelevant.Destructing effect on the people living in third world countries is in long-run very possible. At least the risk of possible damage is so enormous that it is significant that the globalisation causes more harm than good on the economies not only of the ‘Third world’ countries. Reference list Arestis, P & Singh, A 2010, ‘FINANCIAL GLOBALISATION AND CRISIS, INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION AND EQUITY’, Centre for Bu siness Research, University of Cambridge, Working paper No. 405, pp. 11-12. Available from www. cbr. cam. ac. uk [22. 9. 2012]Djordjevic, M & Stojilikovic, S 2009, ‘GLOBALIZATION AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS’, FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Economics and Organisation Vol. 6, No. 3, 2009, p. 264. Available from: http://facta. junis. ni. ac. rs [22. 9. 2012] Goyal, K A 2006, ‘Impact of Globalization on Developing Countries (With Special Reference To India)’, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 5 (2006), p. 168. Available from: www. eurojournals. com/finance. htm [22. 9. 2012] http://blogs. reuters. com/hugo-dixon/tag/european-central-bank/ http://ec. europa. eu/economy_finance/eu_borrower/efsm/index_en. tm http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/06/streeten. htm Ogutu, M & Samuel C n. d. , STRATEGIES ADOPRET BY MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS TO COME WITH COMPETITION IN KENYA, University of Nairobi, Nairobi Kenya , p. 1 Available from: http://www. aibuma. org/ [22. 9. 2012] Prasad, A & Reddy,P 2009,’Global Financial Crisis and Its Impact on India’, J Soc Sci 21(1): 1-5 (2009), 2009. Available from: http://www. krepublishers. com United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2008, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBALISATION: Facts and Figures, United Nations Publication, Geneva, p. 16